Communications, Radar & Electronic Warfare (201.. - Index of

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48 Communications, Radar and Electronic WarfareFigure 3.3The length of the short sector agall1st frequency, based on the assumption that the &hort &ectorl fifty times the wavelength of the transmission frequency."',-"' an isotropic radiator at the centre of a sphere. Becau&e an isotropic radiatorradiate in all directions equally, the energy produced is reduced a
The Radio Channel 49sphere. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical antenna that radiates equally in alldirections.The sphere represents a given distance from the radiator (d). As the distanceincreases, the surface area increases accordingly and, since the energy produced by theradiator does not increase, the energy per unit of surface area decreases accordingly.This can be described by:whereL is the loss ratio.d is distance in metres.} is wavelength in metres.Since we have an equation linking wavelength to frequency, we can re-write thisfom1Ula as:NOlmally, radio engineers work in decibels (dB). For those who need it, there isa refresher on decibels in Appendix A. Converting the above formula into itslogarithmic equivalent, we get:L =20Iog(4n) + 20Iog(d) + 20Iog(f) -20Iog(c)The term 20Iog( 4n) is a constant and is equal to 22.0. The same is true for 20Iog(c),which is 169.5. Thus, the equation becomes:L = 20Iog(d) + 20Iog(f) -147.5The units for distance are in metres and the units for frequency are in Hz. We canconvert the formula into a more useful form by converting the distance units intokilometres by adding 20Iog(l,000), which is 60, and converting the distance unitsinto MHz by adding 20Iog(l,000,000), which is 120. Because we are working in dB,this is entirel y acceptable. The constant term thus becomes 180 - 147.5 = 32.5, givingus the form most often quoted:L =32.5 + 20Iog(d) + 20Iog(f)Using this equation for different distances and frequencies, we can calculate andgraph free space loss as shown in Figure 3.5. We will see later that although free space
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COMMUNICATIONS,RADAR ANDELECTRONICW
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Content,6.3 Types of Communications
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xContents16.1.2 EMC Issues 26616.1.
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xiiContents20 Summary and Conclusio
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xivPrefaceI have provided some refe
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",iDiplexerdBddBiOEMOFDMEDownlinkDR
Page 18 and 19: xviiiGlos&aryNFDNSAOPOPTEMPOORE ATO
Page 21: Part OneBasic Theory
Page 24 and 25: 4 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electro
Page 27 and 28: [ ntroductlon 7......Figure 1.4 A t
Page 29 and 30: Introduction 9IIIFigure 1.6 A naval
Page 31 and 32: Introduction 11• In many cases, p
Page 33 and 34: Introduction 13Typical equipment th
Page 35 and 36: Introduction 15into a suitable digi
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Page 39 and 40: Introduction 19For the communicatio
Page 41 and 42: Introduction21Table 1.5Antenna cOlT
Page 43 and 44: Introduction23(a) Clear radio line
Page 45 and 46: --Introduction2SFor microwave frequ
Page 47 and 48: 2Management of the Radio Spectrum2.
Page 49 and 50: Management of the Radio Spectrum29I
Page 51 and 52: Management of the Radio Spectrum 31
Page 53 and 54: Management of the Radio Spectrum33H
Page 59 and 60: Management of the Radio Spectrum39\
Page 61 and 62: Management of the RadIO Spectrum 41
Page 63: Management of the Radio Spectrum-13
Page 66 and 67: 46CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Electro
Page 70 and 71: !I.1II,soCommunications, Radar and
Page 72 and 73: 52 CommunIcations, Radar and Electr
Page 74 and 75: 54 COIllIllUIlICatiOnS, Radar and E
Page 76 and 77: 56 Communications, Radar and Electr
Page 80 and 81: ..60(f)(f)o-lCommunications, Radar
Page 82 and 83: -----62Communications, Radar and El
Page 85 and 86: 4Radio Links in the Presenceof Nois
Page 87 and 88: Radio Links in the Preence of Noise
Page 89 and 90: Radio Links in the Presence of Nois
Page 97: Radio Links in the Presence of Nois
Page 104 and 105: X-lFigure 5.4 Illustration of energ
Page 106 and 107: ---86 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Ele
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1'1,----__ 1·_ >FrequencyDetected
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100 Communications, Radar and Elect
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Radar and Radar Jamming103-- -- --
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Radar and Radar Jamming105...... ..
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108Communications, Radar and Electr
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Radar and Radar Jamming109Vertical
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Radar and Radar Jamming111Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jammmg113ill;;:0D-0
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Radar and Radar Jamming 115oPhase +
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Radar and Radar Jamming 117Correlat
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Radar and Radar Jamming119Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jamming 121shows th
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Radar and Radar Jamming 123Advancin
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Radar and Radar Jamming125Basebands
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Radar and Radar Jammmg 127aircraft,
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Radar and Radar Jammmg12')j r .)11'
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Radar and Radar Jamming131(a)(c)c:C
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Radar and Radar Jamming 1337.5 Rada
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9Predicting HF Radio9.1 Propagation
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Predicting HF Radio149Predicted sun
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Predicting HF Radio 151Range (km)Fi
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Predicting HF Radio153lOW. CM' '-'
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0.. iS·{)q'"0..o·..U1U1jJ .\R(PS
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Predicting HF Radio 157Remember tha
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10VHF to SHF Radio Prediction10.1 P
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..........................VHF to SH
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 163Sub-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction16530000
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction167Figur
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction169Fresn
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........VHF to SHF Radio Prediction
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144__VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 17
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction175Trans
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction177oTwo-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 179With
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 181with
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 183is d
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VHF to SHF Radio PredictIOn 185Tabl
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction187Table
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction189Table
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11Data Requirements for RadioPredic
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opofJ?:l(0..ac.3(0;::.en8'>;?:l0.o'
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Data Requirements for Radio Predict
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u&::::0(1)..0c:3(1)::;:;;3'..,:::0'
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t)poS':;0(1).n::.3(1);aV>8'...,:;0p
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o0.>;::,:l(!).g:r.-;::,:lOJ0..5"-0r
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==Data Requirements for Radio Predi
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Data Requlrement for RddJO Prcdlctl
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Data Requirements for RadIO Predict
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,I,Data Requirements for Radio Pred
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13Planning Radio Networksfor Covera
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Planning Radio Networks for Coverag
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...Planning Radio Networks for Cove
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(((II/III/llcd)0):l:l:l[fQ:;00)9-:o
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Page 262 and 263:
Planntng RadIOetv.ork, for Covcrage
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14Interference Analysis14.1 Introdu
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Intelference Analysis249Received po
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Interference Analysis2510 ,-- -5-10
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Interference Analysis253Table 14.1
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Interference Analyls14.4 Different
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262CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electr
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264 CommuDlcation" Radar and Electr
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266 CommUnIcatIOns. Radar and Elect
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2M,------------- ------------ ---I:
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280 Communication5, Radar and Elect
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282CommunicatlOns, Radar and Electr
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2X4._---------_._--Despite these cl
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286 CommunicatlOns, Radar and Elect
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Page 308 and 309:
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292 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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294 Communicat ions. Rauar anu Elec
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296 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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302 CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Elect
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(llll l Hlt (!I" tilL' \CIl\L' .Jll
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Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
310COllllllunJCallon, Radar and Ele
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314 Commumcation, Radar and Electro
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316 Communication, Radar and Electr
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Page 342 and 343:
324 CommUI11Catlons, Radar and Elec
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18Non-CommunicationsElectronic Warf
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Non-Communications Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication Electronic Warfar
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...Non-Communications Electronic Wa
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)\;OIl-COllllllunlcatlOnplral radar
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Non-CommunicatIons ElectronIc Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication,; Electrolllc War
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations ElectronIC Warfa
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Non-CommUnIcatIOns ElectronIc Warfa
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19Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs1
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Coulltering RadlO-Colltrolled IEOsc
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 35
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Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs359
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 36
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs363
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COIllIllUlllcatlons. Radar and Elec
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372CllndllltJl'ily dnd !lemlJltl\'l
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Indexabsorption 53 , 160, 169-70act
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377cooperative 128cover 128deceptiv
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