Semantic Web-Based Information Systems: State-of-the-Art ...

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Semant c Web of Language Eng neer ng ontology-based multimedia annotator, like OWL support, linguistic domain ontology and the General Multimedia Ontology, a language profile, ontological annotation tiers, and so forth. Support.of.OWL OWL Web ontology language (Bechhofer et al., 2004) is recently recommended as the semantic markup language for publishing and sharing ontologies on the World Wide Web. It is developed as a revision of DAML+OIL language and has more expressive power than XML, RDF, and RDF Schema (RDF-S). OWL provides constructs to define ontologies, classes, properties, individuals, data types, and their relationships. In the following, we present a brief overview of the major constructs and refer the reader to Bechhofer et al. (2004) for more details. Classes A class defines a group of individuals that share some properties. A class is defined by owl:Class, and different classes can be related by rdfs:subClassOf into a class hierarchy. Other relationships between classes can be specified by owl:equivalent- Class, owl:disjointWith, and so forth. The extension of a class can be specified by owl:oneOf with a list of class members or by owl:intersectionOf, owl:unionOf and owl:complementOf with a list of other classes. Properties A property states relationships between individuals or from individuals to data values. The former is called ObjectProperty and specified by owl:ObjectProperty. The latter is called DatatypeProperty and specified by owl:DatatypeProperty. Similarly to classes, different properties can be related by rdfs:subPropertyOf into a property hierarchy. The domain and range of a property are specified by rdfs:domain and rdfs:range, respectively. Two properties might be asserted to be equivalent by owl: equivalentProperty. In addition, different characteristics of a property can be specified by owl:FunctionalProperty, owl:InverseFunctionalProperty, owl:TransitiveProperty, and owl: SymmetricProperty. Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Chebotko, Deng, Lu, Fotouh , & Ar star Property.Restrictions A property restriction is a special kind of a class description. It defines an anonymous class, namely the set of individuals that satisfy the restriction. There are two kinds of property restrictions: value constraints and cardinality constraints. Value constraints restrict the values that a property can take within a particular class, and they are specified by owl:allValuesFrom, owl:someValuesFrom, and owl:hasValue. Cardinality constraints restrict the number of values that a property can take within a particular class, and they are specified by owl:minCardinality, owl:maxCardinality, owl:cardinality, and so forth. OWL is subdivided into three species (in increasingly-expressive order): OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full. OWL Lite places some limitations on the usage of constructs and is primarily suitable for expressing taxonomies. For example, owl:unionOf and owl:complementOf are not part of OWL Lite, and cardinality constraints may only have a 0 or 1 value. OWL DL provides more expressivity and still guarantees computational completeness and decidability. In particular, OWL DL supports all OWL constructs, but places some restrictions (e.g., class cannot be treated as an individual). Finally, OWL Full gives maximum expressiveness, but not computational guarantee. OntoELAN uses the Jena 2 (Hewlett-Packard Labs, 2004) Java framework for writing Semantic Web applications to provide OWL DL support. On the language profile creation stage, OntoELAN basically uses class hierarchy information based on rdfs: subClassOf construct. However, while annotating data with ontological terms (by means of a language profile), OntoELAN generates dynamic interface for creating instances, assigning property values, and so forth. Linguistic.Domain.Ontology As a linguistic domain ontology example, we use the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD) (Farrar & Langendoen, 2003). To make things clear from the beginning, OntoELAN does not have GOLD as a component; both are independent. The user can load any other linguistic domain ontology, therefore OntoELAN can be used as a multimedia annotator in other domains that require similar features. Moreover, the user can load several different ontologies for distinct annotation tiers to provide multi-ontological or even multi-domain annotation approaches. For example, a gesture ontology can be used for linguistic multimedia annotation, as a speaker’s gestures help the audience understand the meaning of a speech better. Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
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Chapter.VIII Querying.the.Web.Recon
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the semantics in the Semantic Web.
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the conventional Web, and the emerg
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Chapter.I Semant cs for the Semant
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Entity Identification/Disambiguatio
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Question Answering Systems Semant c
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• Databases with entry-portals
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Conceptual.Modeling The Human Seman
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The Human Semant c Web in relations
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The Human Semant c Web along the di
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The Human Semant c Web Takeuchi, H.
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26 Between February 2001 and Februa
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Conclusion General Adaptat on Frame
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Web Serv ce Messages 0 Brujin, J.,
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About.the.Authors About the Authors
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About the Authors 0 Veli. Bicer. is
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About the Authors 0 in refereed jou
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About the Authors 0 partment (1992)
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About the Authors Anton.Naumenko.is
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consumer-centric business model 30
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semantic e-business 214 semantic in
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