Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes

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REFERENCES 281Brown SW, Mawer GE, Lawler W, Taylor DC, Shorvon S, Betts TA et al. (1990). Sudden death andepilepsy. Lancet 355: 606–7.Burke BJ, Kearney TK (1999). Hypoglycaemia and cardiac arrest. Practical Diabetes International16: 189–90.Campbell I (1991). Dead in bed syndrome: a new manifestation of nocturnal hypoglycaemia? DiabeticMedicine 8: 3–4.Chang J-H, Tseng C-F, Wang J-Y (2007). Hypoglycemia-induced myocardial infarction: an unusualadverse effect of sulfonylureas. International Journal of Cardiology 115: 414–16.Chelliah YR (2000). Ventricular arrhythmias associated with hypoglycaemia. Anaesthesia and IntensiveCare 28: 698–700.Collier A, Matthews DM, Young RJ, Clarke BF (1987). Transient atrial fibrillation precipitated byhypoglycaemia: two case reports. Postgraduate Medical Journal 63: 895–7.Critchley JAJH, Proudfoot AT, Boyd SG, Campbell IW, Brown NS, Gordon A (1984). Deaths andparadoxes after intentional insulin overdosage. British Medical Journal 289: 225.Curran ME, Splawski I, Timothy KW, Vincent GM, Green ED, Keating MT (1995). A molecularbasis for cardiac arrhythmias: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome. Cell 80:795–803.Dahlquist G, Kallen B (2005). Mortality in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based study.Diabetes Care 28: 2384–7.DeRosa MA, Cryer PE (2004). Hypoglycemia and the sympathoadrenal system: neurogenic symptomsare largely the result of sympathetic neural, rather than adrenomedullary, activation. AmericanJournal of Endocrinology 287: E32–41.Desouza C, Salazar H, Cheong B, Murgo J, Fonseca V (2003). Association of hypoglycemia andcardiac ischemia: a study based on continuous monitoring. Diabetes Care 26: 1485–9.Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF (1980). The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.Quarterly Journal of Medicine 49: 95–108.Ewing DJ, Neilson JM (1990). QT interval length and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. DiabeticMedicine 7: 23–6.Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JM, Cho CG, Clarke BF (1991). Autonomic neuropathy,QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia 34:182–5.Fisher M, Gillen G, Dargie HJ, Inglis GC, Frier BM (1987). The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemiaon cardiovascular function in normal man: studies using radionuclide ventriculography.Diabetologia 30: 841–5.Fisher M, Frier BM (1993). Effect on vascular disease. In: Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes: Clinical andPhysiological Aspects. Frier BM and Fisher M, eds. Edward Arnold, London: 355–61.Frier BM, Hilsted J (1985). Does hypoglycaemia aggravate the complications of diabetes? Lancet ii:1175–7.Jackman WM, Friday KJ, Anderson JL, Aliot EM, Clark M, Lazzara R (1988). The long QT syndromes:a critical review, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis. Progress in CardiovascularDiseases 31: 115–72.Jervell A, Lange-Neilsen F (1957). Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongationof the QT interval and sudden death. American Heart Journal 54: 59–68.Kalimo H, Olsson Y (1980). Effects of severe hypoglycemia on the human brain. Neuropathologicalcase reports. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 62: 345–56.Koivikko ML, Salmela PI, Juhani Airaksinen KE, Tapanainen JS, Ruokonen A, Makikallio et al.(2005). Effects of sustained insulin-induced hypoglycemia on cardiovascular autonomic regulationin type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 54: 744–50.Laitinen T, Huopio H, Vauhkonen I, Camaro C, Hartikainen J, Laakso M et al. (2003). Effects ofeuglycaemia and hypoglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia on sympathetic and parasympathetic regulationof haemodynamics in healthy subjects. Clinical Science 105: 315–22.
282 MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND DIABETIC COMPLICATIONSLee S, Harris ND, Robinson RT, Yeoh L, Macdonald IA, Heller SR (2003). Effects of adrenaline andpotassium on QTc interval and QT dispersion in man. European Journal of Clinical Investigation33: 93–8.Lee SP, Yeoh L, Harris ND, Davies CM, Robinson RT, Leathard A et al. (2004). Influence ofautonomic neuropathy on QTc interval lengthening during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes53: 1535–42.MacCuish AC (1993). Treatment of hypoglycaemia. In: Hypoglycaemia and Diabetes: Clinical andPhysiological Aspects. Frier BM and Fisher M, eds. Edward Arnold, London: 212–21.Malins J (1968). Hypoglycaemia. In: Clinical Diabetes Mellitus. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London:425–46.Marques JLB, George E, Peacey SR, Harris ND, Macdonald IA, Cochrane T, Heller SR (1997). Alteredventricular repolarization during hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 14:648–54.Muhlhauser I, Sawicki PT, Blank M, Overmann H, Richter B, Berger M. (2002). Reliability of causesof death in persons with type I diabetes. Diabetologia 45: 1490–7.Murphy NP, Ford-Adams ME, Ong KK, Harris ND, Keane SM, Davies C et al. (2004). Prolongedcardiac repolarisation during spontaneous nocturnal hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents withtype 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 47: 1940–7.Nabarro JDN, Mustaffa BE, Morris DV, Walport MJ, Kurtz AB (1979). Insulin deficient diabetes.Contrasts with other endocrine deficiencies. Diabetologia 16: 5–12.Nashef L, Brown S (1996). Epilepsy and sudden death. Lancet 348: 1324–5.Navarro-Gutierrez S, Gonzalez-Martinez F, Fernandez-Perez MT, Garcia-Moreno MT, Ballester-VidalMR, Pulido-Morillo FJ (2003). Bradycardia related to hypoglycaemia. European Journal of EmergencyMedicine 10: 331–3.Odeh M, Oliven A, Bassan H (1990). Transient atrial fibrillation precipitated by hypoglycemia. Annalsof Emergency Medicine 19: 565–7.Pladziewicz DS, Nesto RW (1989). Hypoglycemia-induced silent myocardial ischemia. AmericanJournal of Cardiology 63: 1531–2Pollock G, Brady WJ Jr, Hargarten S, DeSilvey D, Carner CT (1996). Hypoglycemia manifested bysinus bradycardia: a report of three cases. Academic Emergency Medicine 3: 700–7.Pramming S, Thorsteinsson B, Bendtson I, Binder C (1991). Symptomatic hypoglycaemia in 411 type1 diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 8: 217–22.Purucker E, Nguyen H-N, Lammert F, Koch A, Matern S (2000). Central pontine myelinosis andmyocardial infarction following severe hypoglycemia. Intensive Care Medicine 26: 1406–7.Robinson RTCE, Harris ND, Ireland RH, Lee S, Newman C, Heller SR (2003). Mechanisms ofabnormal repolarization during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 52: 1469–74.Robinson RT, Harris ND, Ireland RH, Macdonald IA, Heller SR (2004). Changes in cardiac repolarizationduring clinical episodes of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia47: 312–5.Roden DM, Balser JR, George AL, Jr, Anderson ME (2002). Cardiac ion channels. Annual Review ofPhysiology 64: 431–75.Rugg-Gunn FJ, Simister RJ, Squirrell M, Holdright DR, Duncan JS (2004). Cardiac arrhythmias infocal epilepsy: a prospective long-term study. Lancet 364: 2212–9.Russell RR, Chyun D, Song S, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV, Lee FA et al. (2001). Cardiac responsesto insulin-induced hypoglycemia in non-diabetic and intensively treated type 1 diabetic patients.American Journal of Endocrinology 281: E1029–36.Sampson MJ, Wilson S, Karagiannis P, Edmonds M, Watkins PJ (1990). Progression of diabeticautonomic neuropathy over a decade in insulin-dependent diabetics. Quarterly Journal of Medicine75: 635–46.Sartor G, Dahlquist G (1995). Short-term mortality in childhood onset insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus: a high frequency of unexpected deaths in bed. Diabetic Medicine 12: 607–11.
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Hypoglycaemia in Clinical DiabetesS
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Hypoglycaemia in Clinical DiabetesS
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ToEmily, Ben and Marc
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viiiCONTENTS13 Long-term Effects of
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ContributorsProfessor Stephanie A.
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1 Normal Glucose Metabolismand Resp
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NORMAL GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS 3Box 1.2
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Fed state (Figure 1.1b)EFFECTS OF G
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COUNTERREGULATION DURING HYPOGLYCAE
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COUNTERREGULATION DURING HYPOGLYCAE
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HORMONAL CHANGES DURING HYPOGLYCAEM
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HORMONAL CHANGES DURING HYPOGLYCAEM
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 15hormones.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 17Figure 1.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 19We do not
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REFERENCES 21NORMAL GLUCOSE HOMEOST
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REFERENCES 23Hamilton-Wessler M, Be
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2 Symptoms of Hypoglycaemiaand Effe
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 27appeare
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 29aware o
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 31Table 2
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 33frequen
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SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 35Figure
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ACUTE HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND COGNITIVE F
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ACUTE HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND EMOTIONS 43
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REFERENCES 45Bremer JP, Baron M, Pe
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REFERENCES 47McAulay V, Deary IJ, F
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3 Frequency, Causes and RiskFactors
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 51Box 3.
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Table 3.1 Frequency of mild hypogly
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 55some i
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 57Jansse
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Table 3.2 Frequency of severe hypog
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CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCAEMIACAUSES OF HY
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RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HYPOGLYCAEM
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CONCLUSIONS 75Other Risk FactorsThe
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REFERENCES 77Bott S, Bott U, Berger
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REFERENCES 79Leckie AM, Graham MK,
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REFERENCES 81Vervoort G, Goldschmid
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Table 4.1 Frequency of nocturnal hy
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86 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIACAUSES OF
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88 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIAPlasma Ep
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90 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIACAN NOCTU
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92 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIABox 4.2 C
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94 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIAconflicti
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96 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIA• Noctu
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98 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIAHolleman
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5 Moderators, Monitoring andManagem
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 103• absolut
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 10520 22 24 2
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 107Growthhormo
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 109mean change
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MONITORING 111flow) while simultane
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MONITORING 113• It is unclear whe
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MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 115MANA
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REFERENCES 117CONCLUSIONS• Hypogl
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REFERENCES 119MacDonald MJ (1987).
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6 Counterregulatory Deficienciesin
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NORMAL GLUCOSE COUNTERREGULATION 12
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NORMAL GLUCOSE COUNTERREGULATION 12
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DEFECTIVE HORMONAL GLUCOSE COUNTERR
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DEFECTIVE HORMONAL GLUCOSE COUNTERR
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MECHANISMS OF COUNTERREGULATORY FAI
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AGE, OBESITY AND GLUCOSE COUNTERREG
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TREATMENT OF COUNTERREGULATORY FAIL
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REFERENCES 137Bingham EM, Dunn JT,
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REFERENCES 139McCall AL, Fixman LB,
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7 Impaired Awareness ofHypoglycaemi
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NORMAL RESPONSES TO HYPOGLYCAEMIA 1
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IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
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PREVALENCE OF IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF
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PATHOGENESIS OF IMPAIRED AWARENESS
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Table 7.3 Studies of antecedent hyp
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IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
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TREATMENT STRATEGIES 163or unexplai
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CONCLUSIONS 165Box 7.5 Treatment st
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REFERENCES 167Boyle PJ (1997). Alte
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REFERENCES 169Kerr D, Sherwin RS, P
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8 Risks of Strict GlycaemicControlS
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CONTRIBUTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF S
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CONTRIBUTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF S
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CEREBRAL ADAPTATION 177severe, are
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CEREBRAL ADAPTATION 179hypoglycaemi
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THERAPEUTIC MANIPULATION 181Figure
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PATIENTS UNSUITABLE FOR STRICT CONT
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REFERENCES 185It is the patient who
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REFERENCES 187Egger M, Davey Smith
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REFERENCES 189Simonson DC, Tamborla
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192 HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH
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Table 9.2 Summary of studies examin
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10 Hypoglycaemia in PregnancyAnn E.
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABE
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABE
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CLINICAL MANAGEMENT BEFORE AND DURI
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Figure 10.2 Example of home blood g
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Page 244 and 245: MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
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Page 248 and 249: REFERENCES 235Akazawa M, Akazawa S,
Page 250: REFERENCES 237Ray JG, O’Brien TE,
Page 253 and 254: 240 HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETE
Page 261 and 262: Table 11.2a Prevalence of severe hy
Page 279 and 280: 266 MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR MORBI
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Page 298 and 299: 13 Long-term Effects ofHypoglycaemi
Page 300 and 301: COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND HYPOGLYCAEMI
Page 302 and 303: FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Page 308 and 309: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES I
Page 316 and 317: REFERENCES 303disease (Fisher and F
Page 318 and 319: REFERENCES 305Fisher M, Frier BM (1
Page 320: REFERENCES 307Seidl R, Birnbacher R
Page 323 and 324: 310 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAPSYCHO
Page 325 and 326: 312 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIABox 14
Page 327 and 328: 314 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAprophy
Page 329 and 330: 316 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAMost t
Page 331 and 332: 318 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAfor pu
Page 333 and 334: 320 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAVocati
Page 335 and 336: 322 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAif the
Page 337 and 338: 324 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAestabl
Page 339 and 340: 326 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAwith g
Page 341 and 342: 328 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAalcoho
Page 343 and 344: 330 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAChante
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332 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIASonger
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334 INDEXanterior pituitary gland,
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336 INDEXcomplications due to diabe
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338 INDEXemployment aspects, 323-32
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340 INDEXhypopituitarism, 74, 102,
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342 INDEXmood changes due to hypogl
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344 INDEXpsychological factors, and
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346 INDEXtrain drivers, 323, 324tra
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