Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes

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REFERENCES 47McAulay V, Deary IJ, Frier BM (2001b). Symptoms of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes.Diabetic Medicine 18: 690–705.McAulay V, Deary IJ, Sommerfield AJ, Frier BM (2005). Attentional functioning is impaired duringacute hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 23: 26–31.McCrimmon RJ, Gold AE, Deary IJ, Kelnar CJH, Frier BM (1995). Symptoms of hypoglycemia inchildren with IDDM. Diabetes Care 18: 858–61.McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ, Huntly BJP, MacLeod KJ, Frier BM (1996). Visual information processingduring controlled hypoglycaemia in humans. Brain 119: 1277–87.McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM (1997). Auditory information processing during acute insulininducedhypoglycaemia in non-diabetic human subjects. Neuropsychologia 35: 1547–53.McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM (1999a). Appraisal of mood and personality during hypoglycaemia.Physiology and Behavior 67: 27–33.McCrimmon RJ, Ewing FME, Frier BM, Deary IJ (1999b). Anger-state during acute insulin-inducedhypoglycaemia. Physiology and Behavior 67: 35–9.McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ, Gold AE, Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Ewing FME, Frier BM (2003).Symptoms reported during experimental hypoglycaemia: effect of method of induction of hypoglycaemiaand of diabetes per se. Diabetic Medicine 20: 507–9.Merbis MAE, Snoek FJ, Kanc K, Heine RJ (1996). Hypoglycaemia induces emotional disruption.Patient Education and Counseling 29: 117–22.Mutch WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce I (1985). Is it a hypo? Knowledge of symptoms of hypoglycaemia inelderly diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine 2: 54–6.Pennebaker JW, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Wunsch MG, Evans WS, Pohl S (1981). Physicalsymptoms related to blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetics. Psychosomatic Medicine 43:489–500.Polonsky WH, Davis CL, Jacobson AM, Anderson BJ (1992). Correlates of hypoglycemic fear in type1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Health Psychology 11: 199–202.Pramming S, Thorsteinsson B, Theilgaard A, Pinner EM, Binder C (1986). Cognitive function duringhypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. British Medical Journal 292: 647–50.Ross LA, McCrimmon RJ, Frier BM, Kelnar CJH, Deary IJ (1998). Hypoglycaemic symptoms reportedby children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and by their parents. Diabetic Medicine 15: 836–43.Russell PN, Rix-Trot HM (1975). An exploratory study of some behavioural consequences of insulininducedhypoglycaemia. New Zealand Medical Journal 81: 337–40.Ryan CM, Dulay D, Suprasongsin C, Becker DJ (2002). Detection of symptoms by adolescents andyoung adults with type 1 diabetes during experimental induction of mild hypoglycemia: role ofhormonal and psychological variables. Diabetes Care 25: 852–8.Schachinger H, Hegar K, Hermanns N, Straumann M, Keller U, Fehm-Wolfsdorf G et al. (2005).Randomized controlled clinical trial of Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT III) in Switzerlandand Germany. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28: 587–94.Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, McAulay V, Frier BM (2003a). Moderate hypoglycemia impairs multiplememory functions in healthy adults. Neuropsychology 17: 125–32.Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, McAulay V, Frier BM (2003b). Short-term, delayed, and working memoryare impaired during hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26: 390–6.Strachan MWJ, Deary IJ, Ewing FME, Ferguson SC, Young MJ, Frier BM (2001). Acute hypoglycemiaimpairs the functioning of the central but not peripheral nervous system. Physiology & Behavior72: 83–92.Strachan MWJ, Ewing FME, Frier BM, McCrimmon RJ, Deary IJ (2003). Effects of acute hypoglycaemiaon auditory information processing in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 46:97–105.Tallroth G, Lindgren M, Stenberg G, Rosen I, Agardh C-D (1990). Neurophysiological changes duringinsulin-induced hypoglycaemia and in the recovery period following glucose infusion in type 1(insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and in normal man. Diabetologia 33: 319–23.
48 SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIATowler DA, Havlin CE, Craft S, Cryer P (1993). Mechanism of awareness of hypoglycemia: perceptionof neurogenic (predominantly cholinergic) rather than neuroglycopenic symptoms. Diabetes 42:1791–8.Warren RE, Frier BM (2005). Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function. Diabetes, Obesity andMetabolism 7: 493–503.Warren RE, Zammitt NN, Deary IJ, Frier BM (2007). The effects of acute hypoglycaemia on memoryacquisition and recall and prospective memory in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 50: 178–85.Weinger K, Jacobson AM, Draelos MT, Finkelstein DM, Simonson DC (1995). Blood glucose estimationand symptoms during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus. American Journal of Medicine 98: 22–31.Wilder J (1943). Psychological problems in hypoglycemia. American Journal of Digestive Diseases10: 428–35.Wirsen A, Tallroth G, Lindgren M, Agardh C-D (1992). Neuropsychological performance differsbetween type 1 diabetic and normal men during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Diabetic Medicine9: 156–65.Ziegler D, Hubinger A, Muhlen H, Gries FA (1992). Effects of previous glycaemic control on theonset and magnitude of cognitive dysfunction during hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent)diabetic patients. Diabetologia 35: 828–34.
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Hypoglycaemia in Clinical DiabetesS
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Hypoglycaemia in Clinical DiabetesS
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ToEmily, Ben and Marc
Page 9 and 10: viiiCONTENTS13 Long-term Effects of
Page 12 and 13: ContributorsProfessor Stephanie A.
Page 14 and 15: 1 Normal Glucose Metabolismand Resp
Page 16 and 17: NORMAL GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS 3Box 1.2
Page 18 and 19: Fed state (Figure 1.1b)EFFECTS OF G
Page 20 and 21: COUNTERREGULATION DURING HYPOGLYCAE
Page 22 and 23: COUNTERREGULATION DURING HYPOGLYCAE
Page 24 and 25: HORMONAL CHANGES DURING HYPOGLYCAEM
Page 26 and 27: HORMONAL CHANGES DURING HYPOGLYCAEM
Page 28 and 29: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 15hormones.
Page 30 and 31: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 17Figure 1.
Page 32 and 33: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 19We do not
Page 34 and 35: REFERENCES 21NORMAL GLUCOSE HOMEOST
Page 36 and 37: REFERENCES 23Hamilton-Wessler M, Be
Page 38 and 39: 2 Symptoms of Hypoglycaemiaand Effe
Page 40 and 41: SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 27appeare
Page 42 and 43: SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 29aware o
Page 44 and 45: SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 31Table 2
Page 46 and 47: SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 33frequen
Page 48 and 49: SYMPTOMS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 35Figure
Page 50 and 51: ACUTE HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND COGNITIVE F
Page 56 and 57: ACUTE HYPOGLYCAEMIA AND EMOTIONS 43
Page 58 and 59: REFERENCES 45Bremer JP, Baron M, Pe
Page 62 and 63: 3 Frequency, Causes and RiskFactors
Page 64 and 65: FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 51Box 3.
Page 66 and 67: Table 3.1 Frequency of mild hypogly
Page 68 and 69: FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 55some i
Page 70 and 71: FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 57Jansse
Page 72 and 73: Table 3.2 Frequency of severe hypog
Page 74 and 75: CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCAEMIACAUSES OF HY
Page 76 and 77: RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE HYPOGLYCAEM
Page 88 and 89: CONCLUSIONS 75Other Risk FactorsThe
Page 90 and 91: REFERENCES 77Bott S, Bott U, Berger
Page 92 and 93: REFERENCES 79Leckie AM, Graham MK,
Page 94: REFERENCES 81Vervoort G, Goldschmid
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.1 Frequency of nocturnal hy
Page 99 and 100: 86 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIACAUSES OF
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Page 103 and 104: 90 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIACAN NOCTU
Page 105 and 106: 92 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIABox 4.2 C
Page 107 and 108: 94 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIAconflicti
Page 109 and 110: 96 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIA• Noctu
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98 NOCTURNAL HYPOGLYCAEMIAHolleman
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5 Moderators, Monitoring andManagem
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 103• absolut
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 10520 22 24 2
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 107Growthhormo
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LIFESTYLE MODERATORS 109mean change
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MONITORING 111flow) while simultane
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MONITORING 113• It is unclear whe
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MANAGEMENT OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA 115MANA
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REFERENCES 117CONCLUSIONS• Hypogl
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REFERENCES 119MacDonald MJ (1987).
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6 Counterregulatory Deficienciesin
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NORMAL GLUCOSE COUNTERREGULATION 12
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NORMAL GLUCOSE COUNTERREGULATION 12
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DEFECTIVE HORMONAL GLUCOSE COUNTERR
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DEFECTIVE HORMONAL GLUCOSE COUNTERR
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MECHANISMS OF COUNTERREGULATORY FAI
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AGE, OBESITY AND GLUCOSE COUNTERREG
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TREATMENT OF COUNTERREGULATORY FAIL
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REFERENCES 137Bingham EM, Dunn JT,
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REFERENCES 139McCall AL, Fixman LB,
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7 Impaired Awareness ofHypoglycaemi
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NORMAL RESPONSES TO HYPOGLYCAEMIA 1
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IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
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PREVALENCE OF IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF
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PATHOGENESIS OF IMPAIRED AWARENESS
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Table 7.3 Studies of antecedent hyp
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IMPAIRED AWARENESS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
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TREATMENT STRATEGIES 163or unexplai
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CONCLUSIONS 165Box 7.5 Treatment st
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REFERENCES 167Boyle PJ (1997). Alte
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REFERENCES 169Kerr D, Sherwin RS, P
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8 Risks of Strict GlycaemicControlS
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CONTRIBUTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF S
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CONTRIBUTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF S
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CEREBRAL ADAPTATION 177severe, are
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CEREBRAL ADAPTATION 179hypoglycaemi
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THERAPEUTIC MANIPULATION 181Figure
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PATIENTS UNSUITABLE FOR STRICT CONT
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REFERENCES 185It is the patient who
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REFERENCES 187Egger M, Davey Smith
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REFERENCES 189Simonson DC, Tamborla
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192 HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN CHILDREN WITH
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Table 9.2 Summary of studies examin
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10 Hypoglycaemia in PregnancyAnn E.
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABE
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FREQUENCY OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN DIABE
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CLINICAL MANAGEMENT BEFORE AND DURI
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Figure 10.2 Example of home blood g
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MATERNAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
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COMPLICATIONS IN THE INFANT OF THE
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REFERENCES 235Akazawa M, Akazawa S,
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REFERENCES 237Ray JG, O’Brien TE,
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240 HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETE
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Table 11.2a Prevalence of severe hy
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266 MORTALITY, CARDIOVASCULAR MORBI
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13 Long-term Effects ofHypoglycaemi
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COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND HYPOGLYCAEMI
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FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES I
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REFERENCES 303disease (Fisher and F
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REFERENCES 305Fisher M, Frier BM (1
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REFERENCES 307Seidl R, Birnbacher R
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310 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAPSYCHO
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312 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIABox 14
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314 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAprophy
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316 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAMost t
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318 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAfor pu
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320 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAVocati
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322 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAif the
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324 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAestabl
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326 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAwith g
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328 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAalcoho
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330 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIAChante
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332 LIVING WITH HYPOGLYCAEMIASonger
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334 INDEXanterior pituitary gland,
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336 INDEXcomplications due to diabe
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338 INDEXemployment aspects, 323-32
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340 INDEXhypopituitarism, 74, 102,
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342 INDEXmood changes due to hypogl
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344 INDEXpsychological factors, and
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346 INDEXtrain drivers, 323, 324tra
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