April - June 2010 - Bureau of Police Research and Development

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The estimated loss inMumbai alone fromterror toll of the 60hour ordeal is peggedat Rs. 4,000 cr.Additionally the closedstock exchange,national stockexchange andcommodity exchangesmarkets halted tradingworth Rs. 32710 cr !.While US earmarksabout 20 percent of thefederal budget, thebudgetary expenditurein India on police aspercentage of GDP ishardly 0.55 percent.Budgetary Allocation for Prevention of CrimeA Flawed Model for DevelopmentMaharashtra has 143 policemen per lakh ofpopulation as compared to 200-250 in advancedcountries and the UN norm of 222. As per theestimates of National Crime Records Bureau (2007)vacant posts in the armed police constitute13.8 percent and that of civil police correspondsto 9.8 percent.Estimated Loss of 26/11 AttacksThe economic impact of terrorism can be calculatedfrom a variety of perspectives. There are direct coststo property and immediate effects on productivity,as well as longer term indirect costs of counteringterrorism. The human cost in terms of lives lost is,of course, incalculable. According to Krugman(2004) the direct cost of the September 11 attackson USA has been estimated at over $20 billion.The estimated loss in Mumbai alone from terrortoll due to the 60 hour ordeal the country's financialcapital is pegged at Rs. 4000 cr. Additionally theclosed stock exchange, national stock exchangeand commodity exchanges markets halted tradingworth Rs. 32,710 cr. ! It also resettled into shrinkageon the number of daily commercial operations asmany corporate officers suspended normaltransaction. The attacks on Mumbai disturbed thetelevision and film industry, with an estimated lossabout Rs. 10 cr. during the four days of terror. Yetanother group come under city markets,entertainment and shopping malls where hardly anybusiness is transacted, though the attack mainlyfocused on two luxury hotels and other placesfrequented by Westerners (Business Line, 2008).Currently tourism contributes an estimated Rs. 905billion or 5.6 percent to the GDP of India comparedto the world average of 10 percent. The travel andtourism sector created 9.3 million jobs directly and17.4 million indirectly in 1999. This was expectedto increase to 12.9 million jobs directly and 25million indirectly by 2010 (GOM, 2003). Mumbaiis the capital of Maharashtra and the commercialand entertainment hub of India and it tops as a majortourist destination also. The killing of foreign touristsdeterred to infer tourism in the near future. Mumbaiterror strikes take a toll on Goa tourism sector asindicative of the cancellations which hotels and touroperators received. India's air travel industry, alreadyhit by slowdown due to the global financial crisis,is faced with another set back after a series of terrorattacks in the country's financial hub killed so manyin the midst of the peak tourist season. Theeconomic slowdown had caused 30 percent dropin tourist arrivals this winter and industry expertsfear the drop in traffic could go up to 40 percentthe largest ever witnessed in the last 6-7 years(Business Line, 2008).Industries hardest hit by lost job include restaurants,retail trade, hotel, building services and apparelmanufacturing. Business activity has fallen in anumber of industries where as the impact isprimarily by working few hours and being paidcommensurately less. The economic devastationwhen national and local economies are in recessionis likely to affect many related industrial activities.Rectification of Flawed ModelRadical measures are needed and they should bemodified so that police reforms are accelerated asthey are crucial for the establishment of the rule oflaw, that has been given low priority by successivegovernments at the centre and the states,irrespective of the party affiliations. Mere additionto numbers has to give way to making the policemore efficient, productive and effective by provisionof modern aid, equipment for enhanced mobility andsophisticated communications.Insinuations from politicians- such as the unjustcriticisms from BJP of Hemant Karkare of his rolein the investigations of the Malegaon blasts,punitary appointments and political transfers asmentioned by Reberio have demoralized the policeforce. Independence and freedom in their sphereof work are quintessential for the police to keep thecity safe. Infighting and red tape in the procurementof life-saving quality items such as bullet proofjackets and armoured vehicles have also stressedour 'protectors'. In this regards the civil society hasto come ahead and protest, and be supportive totheir brethren in police force. A myopic view or shortpublic memory to terrorist incidents also needs to60 ➢ The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVII-No. 2, April-June, 2010
e overcome and citizens forums and civil societyshould be incorporated and encouraged to provideclues, warnings and assistance in the investigationprocess.The US earmarks about US $500 billion annually fordefense, home security and preventing terrorism,which accounts for 20 percent of the US federalbudget. The defense budget increased by one-third,or over $100 billion, from 2001 to 2003 in responseto the heightened threat of terrorism - an increaseequivalent to 0.7 per cent of US GDP. Expenditureson defense and security are essential for any nation,but, of course, they also come with an opportunitycost; those resources are not available for othersectors. (Krugman, 2004) .The expenditure on policeas percentage of GDP are Rs.5899 Cr. Rs. 6831 Cr.and Rs. 7381 Cr. which comes around, 0.51, 0.57and 0.58 as per 1999-00,00-01 and 01-02respectively (GOM, 2003).Police and laws order are subjects within the purviewof the State List. It is, therefore, the responsibility ofthe states to provide funds for these requirements. Acentrally sponsored scheme for modernisation ofpolice forces has been implemented in the statewith a 50 percent grant and 50 percent loan. Theamount has to be spent on prescribed items such asmobility, communications, scientific aids toinvestigation, and crowd control equipment.Statewise allocation is based on "population,sanctioned strength of police, number of policestations and crime per lakh population. The schemeis funded equally by the Centre and the Stateconcerned. It has been observed that the centralfunds are not being used by a number of states dueto a lack of matching funds from the state budget.The budget of the police department is under severestrain and there are shocking news reports thatpolice do not have funds even to purchase petrol fortheir vehicles (Godbole, 1999). When we can spendon other developmental activities such as flyovers,Budgetary Allocation for Prevention of CrimeA Flawed Model for Developmentdams, SEZ's in 'national interest', surely the policeforce does need to be given a higher priority becausewithout law and order, there can be no economicdevelopment.Emerging IssuesPeople want good policing and security. When welook for safety, we look for men in uniform. If policehave to fear for their life, how will they protect thepeople and the system? Is it necessary to haveeconomic budget allocation for police and qualityarmoured vehicle to provide protection duringemergency operations? National security budgetinghas to be given priority. There needs to be aparadigm shift in allocation of money in this regard.The realization that the government was incapableof providing security devices to police officialsinspite of protecting this commercial capital withtheir better police leadership has literally shakenup Mumbai.ReferenceBusiness Line, Mumbai Attacks add to air careerswoes, page 1 land Mumbai Attacks strikes take tollon Goa tourism sector, page 4, 30/11/08Godbole, Madhav, 1999, Mirage of reforms,Policespeak, A symposium on the role of police inour society www.india-seminar.comGovernment of Maharashtra, 2003, Economic Surveyof Maharashtra, 2002-03, MumbaiHindustan Times, 2008, 3 December, p3Krugman Paul, 2004, The Costs of Terrorism: WhatDo We Know?" presented at Princeton University inDecember.Mumbai Mirror, 2008, 28 November, p.3, p.7, p.10,p.29.National Crime Records Bureau,2008, StatisticalAbstract India, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi.The budget of thepolice needs to begiven a higher priority.The process ofeconomic liberalisationand globalisation set inmotion cannot becarried forward, if lawand order is notmaintained.The Indian Police Journal Vol. LVII-No. 2, April-June, 2010 61➢
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Vol. LVII-No.2APRIL-JUNE, 2010Edito
Page 4 and 5:
Abstracts & Key WordsPolice Sub-Cul
Page 9 and 10: Police Sub-Culture : An Adaptation
Page 11 and 12: Police Sub-Culture : An Adaptation
Page 13 and 14: IntroductionSingapore Community Pol
Page 15 and 16: Singapore Community Policing Experi
Page 17 and 18: Singapore Community Policing Experi
Page 19 and 20: Relevance of KPAs & KPIs in Policin
Page 25 and 26: Conviction Rate : A Reality CheckSh
Page 27 and 28: Conviction Rate : A Reality Checkor
Page 29 and 30: Conviction Rate : A Reality Checkof
Page 31 and 32: Conviction Rate : A Reality Checkco
Page 33 and 34: Conviction Rate : A Reality Checkpe
Page 35 and 36: Conviction Rate : A Reality CheckCo
Page 37 and 38: Cell Tower Radiation Hazard: Need f
Page 39 and 40: Cell Tower Radiation Hazard: Need f
Page 41 and 42: Detection of Lorazepam from Human V
Page 47 and 48: Domestic Violence against Women and
Page 49 and 50: Domestic Violence against Women and
Page 51 and 52: IntroductionA Study of Burnout and
Page 53 and 54: A Study of Burnout and Marital Adju
Page 59: anger has emanated against Pakistan
Page 63 and 64: Marital Rape : The Assasination of
Page 73 and 74: Silence of the Law on Marital RapeG
Page 75 and 76: Silence of the Law on Marital Rapea
Page 77 and 78: Silence of the Law on Marital Rapeo
Page 79 and 80: Silence of the Law on Marital Rapeb
Page 81 and 82: CorrigendumIn Jan-March, 2010 issue
Page 83: James M Klatell (Aug 2006) : Bomb T
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April - June 2010 - Bureau of Police Research and Development

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