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America, Russia, <strong>Hemp</strong>, and Napoleon1801, a group of Paul's officers, crazed with drink, hatred, andterror, burst into his apartment and beat and strangled him todeath. 52The League of 1800 was gone. Throughout 1801, diplomatsbusied themselves with sweeping away its remains. In 1801,172 American ships passed through the Sound, more than everbefore, and sixty-one vessels cleared St. Petersburg for Amer ica, only one below the previous all-time high. 53The violent deaths of several thousand Danes and Britonsand of the Tsar of Russia had cleared the Baltic of obstacles toAmerican trade.1. Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 1783—89, VII, 382.2. Albion and Pope, Sea Lanes in Wartime, p. 67.3. Log of snow "Vigilant," 1793—94 (Essex Institute).4. Pitkin, A Statistical View of Commerce, p. 167.5. John H . Reinhoel, "Post-Embargo Trade and Merchant Prosperity:Experiences of the Crowninshield Family, 1809—1812," Mississippi ValleyHistorical Review, XLII, No . 2 (September, 1955), 230.6. Albion and Pope, Sea Lanes in Wartime, p. 70.7. Henry S. Commager (ed.), Documents of American History (NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1949), I, 163.8. Albion, Forests and Sea Power, p. 188.9. S. E. Morison and H . S. Commager, The Growth of the AmericanRepublic (Ne w York: Oxford University Press, 1956), I, 370.10. Pitkin, A Statistical View of Commerce, pp. 36—37.11. Oddy, European Commerce, p. 369.12. Morison and Commager, Growth of the American Republic, I, 373.13. Naval Documents Related to the Quasi-War between the UnitedStates and France. Naval Operations from November, 1798 to March,1799 (Washington, D.C. : U.S . Government Printing Office, 1935),p. 176.14. Naval Documents of the Quasi-War, lygy—iygB, p. vi.15. Gardner W . Allen, Our Naval War with France (Boston: HoughtonMifflin Co., 1909), p. 125; Boston Columbian Centinel, 5 June 1799.
Trade in Time of War16. Boston Columbian Centinel, 9 January 1799; Boston Gazette,1 January 1798. ,17. Naval Documents of the Quasi-War, 1798-1799,^. 163, 183, 188.18. Pitkin, A Statistical View of Commerce, pp. 36-37.19. Throughout thefirstdecades of our history the official year of theUnited States customs service ended on 30 September.20. Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives . . . ,1892—93, XXVI , xiii, xiv.21. Letter to Secretary of State, 10 October 1798, Copenhagen, NationalArchives, Consular Dispatches—Copenhagen, Vol. I.22. Pitkin, A Statistical View of Commerce, pp. 232—33, 271—72.23. J. C . Hildt, Early Diplomatic Negotiations of the United Stateswith Russia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1906), pp. 31—32, 35.24. Boston Columbian Centinel, 25 September 1799.25. Naval Documents of the Quasi-War, April, 1799—July, 1799, p. 226.26. American State Papers: Naval Affairs, I, 69.27. Naval Documents of the Quasi-War, 1798-1799, p. 166.28. Morris (ed.), Encyclopedia of American History, p. 129.29. Oddy, European Commerce, p. 369; Pitkin, A Statistical View ofCommerce, pp. 271-72.30. Andrei A . Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russia and Europe, 1789-1825(Durham: Duke University Press, 1947), pp. 19—22.31. Boston Gazette, 13 August 1798.32. Boston Columbian Centinel, 26 January 1799; R . C . Anderson,"British and American Officers in the Russian Navy," Mariner's Mirror,XXXIII (January, 1947), 26.33. A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolutionand Empire, 1793-1812 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1892), II,26, 32-3334. R . C . Anderson, Naval Wars in the Baltic during the Sailing ShipEpoch, 1522—1850 (London: C . Gilbert-Wood, 1910), pp. 301—2.35. Carola Oman, Nelson (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1946), p. 435.36. Boston Columbian Centinel, 1 October 1800.37. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, II, 26-27.38. Boston Columbian Centinel, 29 October 1800.39. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, II, 33—34, 36—37.40. Boston Columbian Centinel, 3 September 1800.41. Boston Columbian Centinel, 15 April 1801.42. A. N. Ryan, "The Defense of British Trade with the Baltic, 18081813," English Historical Review, LXXI V (July, 1959), 444.43. Boston Columbian Centinel, 15 April 1801.44. Ibid., 25 April 1801.
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gmertca,, ?|emp, an& JUapoleonAmeri
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America, Hossia, fiemp, and Bapolco
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Co'pyright (c) 1965 by the Ohio Sta
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ContentsI. The Beginnings 3II. Hemp
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1Wai BeginningsIY COUNTRYMEN, SIRE,
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The BeginningsRussia. H e encourage
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The Beginningsand unloaded there. I
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The Beginningserine the Great. "The
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The Beginningsdictates,firstdeposit
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The Beginnings12. Price, Tobacco Ad
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Amelrican
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The American
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The American V
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Hemf, Flax, and Iron: The American
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3Htmp, flax, and Iron:The RussianQL
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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Page 51 and 52: Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
Page 53 and 54: A New Flag for the Old Tradethe har
Page 55 and 56: A New Flag for the Old Tradeof thos
Page 57 and 58: A New Flag for the Old TradeDana re
Page 59 and 60: Making and Learning the Rulesthe na
Page 61 and 62: Making and Learning the Rulespart o
Page 63 and 64: Making and Learning the RulesRowan
Page 65 and 66: Making and Learning the RulesMessrs
Page 67 and 68: Making and Learning the RulesCarryi
Page 69 and 70: Making and Learning the Rulessachus
Page 71 and 72: Making and Learning the Rulesonions
Page 73 and 74: Making and Learning the Rulesthe co
Page 75 and 76: Making and Learning the Ruleslast a
Page 77 and 78: Making and Learning the Ruleslong j
Page 79 and 80: Making and Learning the Rulesuncert
Page 81 and 82: Making and Learning the Rules18. We
Page 83 and 84: Secretary of State, 12/24 J uneMaki
Page 85 and 86: Trade in Time of Warcompletely loos
Page 87 and 88: Trade in Time of Warhealthy 92 per
Page 89 and 90: Trade in Time of Warvived our morib
Page 91 and 92: Trade in Time of WarStates was beco
Page 93 and 94: Trade in Time of Warwanting the Uni
Page 95 and 96: Trade in Time of Waryear of the une
Page 97 and 98: Trade in Time of Warfinal "peace" u
Page 99: Trade in Time of WarBefore he slept
Page 103 and 104: 7alliances and EmbargoV ! / N 21 M
Page 105 and 106: Alliances and EmbargoThe merchant m
Page 107 and 108: Alliances and Embargocommerce with
Page 109 and 110: Alliances and EmbargoI avail myself
Page 111 and 112: Alliances and Embargopower—i.e.,
Page 113 and 114: Alliances and EmbargoBy the summer
Page 115 and 116: Alliances and Embargo"stood down th
Page 117 and 118: Alliances and Embargowar on England
Page 119 and 120: Alliances and Embargo16. Samuel Bar
Page 121 and 122: fraudulent tradingJ0N 1807, EIGHTY-
Page 123 and 124: Fraudulent Tradingon shore. A few o
Page 125 and 126: Fraudulent Trading1808 were either
Page 127 and 128: Fraudulent Tradingnotorious that w
Page 129 and 130: Fraudulent Tradingof France and her
Page 131 and 132: Fraudulent Tradingwas Denmark. Denm
Page 133 and 134: Fraudulent Tradingbrought into Dani
Page 135 and 136: Fraudulent TradingVessels Permitted
Page 137 and 138: %\it ©anish problemRESIDENT JEFFER
Page 139 and 140: The Danish Problembring such prices
Page 141 and 142: The Danish Problemvu avec peine qu'
Page 143 and 144: The Danish Problemparticular charge
Page 145 and 146: The Danish ProblemIf America's cong
Page 147 and 148: The Danish Problemwas over, Sweden
Page 149 and 150: The Danish Problemvessels had thus
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The Danish Problemshuttling neutral
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The Danish Problemtional protection
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The Danish ProblemThere they, too,
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The Danish ProblemIt seems to be a
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The Danish Problem3. Arthur H . Col
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The Danish Problem51. Ryan, "The De
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"the stag
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"packet t
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"ing into
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"November
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels""Calumet
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"course o
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"thus esc
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"surpasse
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"task in
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"A Bull-dog among Spaniels"25. Cole
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Adams in the AscendancyAmerican ves
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Adams in the Ascendancyindigo, cott
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Adams in the AscendancyTsar'sfleetf
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Adams in the AscendancyThe battle w
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Adams in the Ascendancytreasuries o
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Adams in the Ascendancygreat convoy
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Adams in the AscendancyO f 2,000 sh
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Adams in the Ascendancytheir crews
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Adams in the Ascendancyprinciple of
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Adams in the Ascendancyport. Theref
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Adams in the Ascendancyentered at A
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Adams in the Ascendancy31. Smith, R
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12Wnt United States, ©arlingof the
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The United States, Darling of the B
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The Challenge of 18121810 to £731,
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The Challenge of 1812quays of every
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The Challenge of 1812best to clear
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The Challenge of 1812In Russia "the
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The Challenge of 1812ona," "Brother
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The Challenge of 1812had been paid
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The Challenge of 1812non-intercours
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The Challenge of 181224. C . Adams,
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The Wars of 1812England, he wrote f
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The Wars of 1812The Americans at Go
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The Wars of 1812Smith told Summers
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The Wars of 1812Th e only American
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The Wars of 1812plaque in every mar
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The Wars of 1812Madison's rather pr
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The Wars of 1812"Frederick" and "Ca
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The Wars of 1812lonely souls left i
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The Wars of 1812the "Hannibal" arri
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The Wars of 1812ruin/' i.e., the de
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The Wars of 1812Another American po
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The Wars of 1812The third night out
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The Wars of 1812American conquest a
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The Wars of 18123. Smith, Reminisce
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The Wars of 181240. Caulaincourt, W
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Postscript: Levett HarrisDiedrich R
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Postscript: Levett Harrishis consta
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Appendixances of the United States
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Appendix7-9 July 1807—Treaties of
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Appendix5 August 1810—Napoleon in
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BibliograpliuPRIMARYSOURCESA. Manus
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Bibliographyjournals of the House o
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BibliographyThe Miscellaneous Docum
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BibliographyContains a note or two
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BibliographyE. journalsFOOTE , HENR
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BibliographyThe pioneer work in the
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BibliographyCROUZET, FRANgois. L'Ec
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HOPKINS,BibliographyJAMES F. A Hist
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BibliographyContains a few pages on
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BibliographySCOTT, FRANKLIN D . Ber
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A few facts of interest.Bibliograph
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BibliographyA n indispensable accou
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IndexBelts, Great and Little, 61, 1
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IndexGeorge III, 160Germany, 78, 11
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IndexMoniteur, 181Monroe, James, 27
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IndexSheffield, Lord, 46Sherburne,
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IndexWarsaw, 269Woronsow; see Voron
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Previously published . . .Change an
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