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America, Russia, <strong>Hemp</strong>, and Napoleonwhich most of the high officials of the Russian governmentwere present. H e rose and proposed a toast to the EmperorAlexander. Th e glittering assemblage rose and toasted theirtsar. The French ambassador then waited for some Russian topropose a reciprocal toast to the Emperor of France. Nothinghappened, and the company stirred uncomfortably in theknowledge that an indirect but very open insult had been paidto the ambassador and his emperor. 64 The minister from Westphaliabest described the climate of opinion in Russia: "Thereis the Emperor and Rumiantsev on one side, and the wholepeople on the other." 65Th e perverted spirit that directed the course of Americantrade with Russia in 1809 crowned the shipping season of thatyear with a masterpiece of exasperating lunacy. Th e westerlywinds, which blew directly in over the bow of any ship tryingto beat its wa y out of a Russian port on the Baltic, rose earlierthan usual. A bad storm swept the Baltic, driving man y shipsback to port. Then an uncommonly early and severe frost fellon the Baltic coast like a white wolf.Mor e vessels were frozen in at the ports of Russia than everbefore: 187 at Riga, and 95 at Kronstadt and St. Petersburg.O f the ninety-five at Kronstadt and St. Petersburg,fifteentoeighteen were American. 66 Osgood's "Mary" never made it outof the Gulf of Finland. Th e storm chased her into Revalharbor, where she was forthwith imprisoned by ice. 671. Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations ofAmerican Foreign Policy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), p. 167.2. Coggeshall, Second Series of Voyages, p. 64; Letter to P. & H. LeMesurier & Co., 8 November 1809, St. Petersburg, in Letterbook of CaptainThomas Osgood, 1809—11 (Peabody Museum).146
The Danish Problem3. Arthur H . Cole, Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States,1700-1861: Statistical Supplement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UniversityPress, 1938), pp. 148, 154.4. American State Papers: Naval Affairs, II, 39.5. Hopkins, <strong>Hemp</strong> Industry in Kentucky, pp. 82—83.6. William Rowe, The Maritime History of Maine (New York:W . W . Norton & Co., 1948), p. 86.7. Foster R . Dulles, The Road to Teheran (Princeton, N.J.: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1944), p. 22.8. Extract from Court Gazette of St. Petersburg, 27 January 1810, O.S.,National Archives, Diplomatic Dispatches—Russia, Vol. I.9. John Bach McMaster, The Life and Times of Stephen Girard,Mariner and Merchant (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1918), II, 107.10. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, III, 533.11. Ruppenthal, "Denmark and the Continental System," pp. 11, 12, 14,15, 21, 22; Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives. . . , 1892—93, XXVI, xiii.12. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, III, 533.13. J. D . Forbes, Israel Thorndike, Federalist Financier (New York:Exposition Press, 1953), pp. 69-70.14. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, III, 329.15. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, III, 346, 350.16. Forbes, Thorndike, pp. 69-70.17. McMaster, Girard, II, 87, 96.18. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, III, 529.19. McMaster, Girard, II, 97.20. Charles E . Hill, The Danish Sound Dues and the Command of theBaltic (Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 1926), p. 269; SorenFogdall, Danish-American Diplomacy, 1776—1920 (Iowa City: Universityof Iowa Press, 1922), pp. 47-48.21. Ibid., p. 2i.22. Joost Dahlerup, "Early Danish-American Diplomacy," American-Scandinavian Review, XX X (December, 1942), 313.23. Fogdall, Danish-American Diplomacy, p. 29; Commerce of RhodeIsland, II, 376, 384, 437, 453.24. Letter to Israel Thorndike, 18 December 1809, Christiania, inLetterbook of Robert Rogers, 1809—10 (Peabody Museum) .25. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, III, 350—51.26. American State Papers: Foreign Relations, III, 329.27. Letter to Levett Harris, 21 August 1809, Copenhagen; letter toIsrael Thorndike, 29 September 1809, Christiania, in Letterbook of RobertRogers, 1809-10 (Peabody Museum) .
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gmertca,, ?|emp, an& JUapoleonAmeri
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America, Hossia, fiemp, and Bapolco
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Co'pyright (c) 1965 by the Ohio Sta
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ContentsI. The Beginnings 3II. Hemp
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1Wai BeginningsIY COUNTRYMEN, SIRE,
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The BeginningsRussia. H e encourage
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The Beginningsand unloaded there. I
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The Beginningserine the Great. "The
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The Beginningsdictates,firstdeposit
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The Beginnings12. Price, Tobacco Ad
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Amelrican
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The American
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The American V
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Hemf, Flax, and Iron: The American
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3Htmp, flax, and Iron:The RussianQL
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemf, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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A New Flag for the Old Tradethe har
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A New Flag for the Old Tradeof thos
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A New Flag for the Old TradeDana re
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Making and Learning the Rulesthe na
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Making and Learning the Rulespart o
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Making and Learning the RulesRowan
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Making and Learning the RulesMessrs
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Making and Learning the RulesCarryi
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Making and Learning the Rulessachus
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Making and Learning the Rulesonions
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Making and Learning the Rulesthe co
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Making and Learning the Ruleslast a
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Making and Learning the Ruleslong j
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Making and Learning the Rulesuncert
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Making and Learning the Rules18. We
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Secretary of State, 12/24 J uneMaki
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Trade in Time of Warcompletely loos
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Trade in Time of Warhealthy 92 per
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Trade in Time of Warvived our morib
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Trade in Time of WarStates was beco
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Trade in Time of Warwanting the Uni
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Trade in Time of Waryear of the une
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Trade in Time of Warfinal "peace" u
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Trade in Time of WarBefore he slept
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Trade in Time of War16. Boston Colu
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7alliances and EmbargoV ! / N 21 M
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Alliances and EmbargoThe merchant m
Page 107 and 108: Alliances and Embargocommerce with
Page 109 and 110: Alliances and EmbargoI avail myself
Page 111 and 112: Alliances and Embargopower—i.e.,
Page 113 and 114: Alliances and EmbargoBy the summer
Page 115 and 116: Alliances and Embargo"stood down th
Page 117 and 118: Alliances and Embargowar on England
Page 119 and 120: Alliances and Embargo16. Samuel Bar
Page 121 and 122: fraudulent tradingJ0N 1807, EIGHTY-
Page 123 and 124: Fraudulent Tradingon shore. A few o
Page 125 and 126: Fraudulent Trading1808 were either
Page 127 and 128: Fraudulent Tradingnotorious that w
Page 129 and 130: Fraudulent Tradingof France and her
Page 131 and 132: Fraudulent Tradingwas Denmark. Denm
Page 133 and 134: Fraudulent Tradingbrought into Dani
Page 135 and 136: Fraudulent TradingVessels Permitted
Page 137 and 138: %\it ©anish problemRESIDENT JEFFER
Page 139 and 140: The Danish Problembring such prices
Page 141 and 142: The Danish Problemvu avec peine qu'
Page 143 and 144: The Danish Problemparticular charge
Page 145 and 146: The Danish ProblemIf America's cong
Page 147 and 148: The Danish Problemwas over, Sweden
Page 149 and 150: The Danish Problemvessels had thus
Page 151 and 152: The Danish Problemshuttling neutral
Page 153 and 154: The Danish Problemtional protection
Page 155 and 156: The Danish ProblemThere they, too,
Page 157: The Danish ProblemIt seems to be a
Page 161 and 162: The Danish Problem51. Ryan, "The De
Page 163 and 164: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"the stag
Page 165 and 166: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"packet t
Page 167 and 168: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"ing into
Page 169 and 170: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"November
Page 171 and 172: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels""Calumet
Page 173 and 174: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"course o
Page 175 and 176: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"thus esc
Page 177 and 178: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"surpasse
Page 179 and 180: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"task in
Page 181 and 182: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"25. Cole
Page 183 and 184: Adams in the AscendancyAmerican ves
Page 185 and 186: Adams in the Ascendancyindigo, cott
Page 187 and 188: Adams in the AscendancyTsar'sfleetf
Page 189 and 190: Adams in the AscendancyThe battle w
Page 191 and 192: Adams in the Ascendancytreasuries o
Page 193 and 194: Adams in the Ascendancygreat convoy
Page 195 and 196: Adams in the AscendancyO f 2,000 sh
Page 197 and 198: Adams in the Ascendancytheir crews
Page 199 and 200: Adams in the Ascendancyprinciple of
Page 201 and 202: Adams in the Ascendancyport. Theref
Page 203 and 204: Adams in the Ascendancyentered at A
Page 205 and 206: Adams in the Ascendancy31. Smith, R
Page 207 and 208: 12Wnt United States, ©arlingof the
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The United States, Darling of the B
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The Challenge of 18121810 to £731,
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The Challenge of 1812quays of every
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The Challenge of 1812best to clear
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The Challenge of 1812In Russia "the
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The Challenge of 1812ona," "Brother
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The Challenge of 1812had been paid
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The Challenge of 1812non-intercours
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The Challenge of 181224. C . Adams,
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The Wars of 1812England, he wrote f
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The Wars of 1812The Americans at Go
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The Wars of 1812Smith told Summers
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The Wars of 1812Th e only American
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The Wars of 1812plaque in every mar
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The Wars of 1812Madison's rather pr
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The Wars of 1812"Frederick" and "Ca
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The Wars of 1812lonely souls left i
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The Wars of 1812the "Hannibal" arri
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The Wars of 1812ruin/' i.e., the de
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The Wars of 1812Another American po
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The Wars of 1812The third night out
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The Wars of 1812American conquest a
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The Wars of 18123. Smith, Reminisce
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The Wars of 181240. Caulaincourt, W
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Postscript: Levett HarrisDiedrich R
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Postscript: Levett Harrishis consta
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Appendixances of the United States
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Appendix7-9 July 1807—Treaties of
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Appendix5 August 1810—Napoleon in
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BibliograpliuPRIMARYSOURCESA. Manus
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Bibliographyjournals of the House o
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BibliographyThe Miscellaneous Docum
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BibliographyContains a note or two
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BibliographyE. journalsFOOTE , HENR
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BibliographyThe pioneer work in the
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BibliographyCROUZET, FRANgois. L'Ec
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HOPKINS,BibliographyJAMES F. A Hist
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BibliographyContains a few pages on
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BibliographySCOTT, FRANKLIN D . Ber
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A few facts of interest.Bibliograph
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BibliographyA n indispensable accou
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IndexBelts, Great and Little, 61, 1
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IndexGeorge III, 160Germany, 78, 11
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IndexMoniteur, 181Monroe, James, 27
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IndexSheffield, Lord, 46Sherburne,
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IndexWarsaw, 269Woronsow; see Voron
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Previously published . . .Change an
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