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America, Russia, <strong>Hemp</strong>, and Napoleon9. C. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, II, 232.10. John Quincy Adams Diary, 10 March 1811, in microfilms of AdamsPapers, Reel 31, p. 222.11. Letter to Secretary of State, 12/25 September 1810, St. Petersburg,National Archives, Consular Dispatches—St. Petersburg, Vol. II.12. John Quincy Adams Diary, 7 October 1810, in microfilms of AdamsPapers, Reel 31, p. 163.13. Letter to William Gray, 1 September 1810, St. Petersburg, in JohnQuincy Adams Letterbook, in microfilms of Adams Papers, Reel 135, p. 211.14. John Quincy Adam s Diary, 19 September 1810, in microfilms ofAdams Papers, Reel 31, p. 158.15. Letter to Secretary of State, n March 1811, St. Petersburg, in JohnQuincy Adams Letterbook, in microfilms of Adams Papers, Reel 136, p. 226.16. Letter to Pickman and Derby, 19 August 1810, St. Petersburg, Letterbookof Captain Thomas B. Osgood (Peabody Museum).17. Nikola Mikhailowitch (ed.), Les Relations diplomatiques de laRussie et de la France d'apres les rapports des ambassadeurs d'Alexandreet Napoleon, 1808-1812 (St. Petersburg: Manufacture des Papiers del'Etat, 1905-8), V , 75-76.18. Letter to Albert Gallatin, 15/27 September 1810, St. Petersburg, inJohn Quincy Adam s Letterbook, in microfilms of Adam s Papers, Reel 136,p. 168.19. Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques, V , 76.20. There is some confusion here. Adams gives this version. Caulaincourtseemed to think that the vessels, too, were confiscated. This confusion isnot surprising, considering the amount of double-dealing going on in theports and chancellory of Russia in these years.21. John Quincy Adams Diary, 6 July 1810, 11 July 1810, in microfilmsof Adams Papers, Reel 31, pp. 123, 124; letter to Secretary of State, 19/31October 1810, St. Petersburg, in John Quincy Adam s Letterbook, ibid.,Reel 136, p. 186; Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques, V , 93.22. Ibid., V , 93.23. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, II, 300, 320-21.24. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, III, 467-77.25. Mahan, Influence of Sea Power, II, 325, 330.26. Louis Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire of Franceunder Napoleon (London: Chatto & Windus, 1894), VII, 165-67.27. John Quincy Adams Diary, 6 August 1810, in microfilms of AdamsPapers, Reel 31, p. 133.28. Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques, V , 148.29. Eli F. Heckscher, The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), p. 236.30. Log of brig "Independence," 12 August 1810 to 17 August 1811(Essex Institute).I92
Adams in the Ascendancy31. Smith, Reminiscences, pp. 37—38.32. Coggeshall, Second Series of Voyages, p. 83.33. Smith, Reminiscences, pp. 38-39.34. Correspondance de Napoleon (Paris: H . Plon, J. Dumaine, 185870), XXI, 234.35. Ibid., p. 252.36. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, III, 549; IV, 8.37. Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques, V , 186-87.38. C . Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, II, 194; Coggeshall,Second Series of Voyages, pp. 94-95; Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques,V , 290.39. Correspondance de Napoleon, XXI, 298.40. Serge Tatistcheff, Alexander l er et Napoleon d'aprbs leur correspondanceinedite, 1801-1812 (Paris: Libraire Acad&nique Didier, Perrin etC le , Libraires-Editeurs, 1891), p. 543.41. Jean Hanoteau (ed.), Memoires du General Caulaincourt, Due deVincence, Grand Ecuyer de VEmpereur (Paris: librairie Plon, 1933),Vol. I, 282-83 n.42. Caulaincourt, With Napoleon in Russia (Ne w York: WilliamMurrow & Co., 1935), p. 25.43. Mikhailowitch, Les Relations diplomatiques, V , 221-28; see alsoLettres et papiers du Chancelier Comte Nesselrode, 1760—1850 (Paris:A . Lahure, 1904—^[r 1 ]), Ill, 286, 384.44. Coggeshall, Second Series of Voyages, pp. 97-98, 100.45. Ibid., pp. 96-97.46. Halvdan Koht, "Bernadotte and Swedish-American Relations, 1810—1814," Journal of Modern History, XV I (December, 1944), 269.47. Letter to William Gray, 5/17 December 1810, St. Petersburg, inJohn Quincy Adams Letterbook, in microfilms of Adams Papers, Reel 135,p. 264.48. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, III, 552.49. Frank E . Melvin, Napoleon's Navigation System (New York: D .Appleton & Co., 1919), p. 233; see also Nesselrode, op. cit., Ill, 317; andSbornik, Russkoe Istoricheskoe Obshchestvo (St. Petersburg: n.p., 1867—1916), XXI, 70, 73-75, 146.50. Ford, Writings of John Quincy Adams, IV, 4; Mikhailowitch, LesRelations diplomatiques, V , 262; "Manifest of the Import and ExportTrade of the Empire of Russia, for the Year 1811," enclosed with letter toSecretary of State, 27 January 1811, St. Petersburg, National Archives,Diplomatic Dispatches—Russia, Vol. I.51. Rose, Napoleon, II, 216.52. Henry Adams, History of the United States, V , 419.53. It may be interesting to the reader to know that J. Jepson Oddy, aBritish merchant experienced in trading with Russia, predicted this situationI93
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gmertca,, ?|emp, an& JUapoleonAmeri
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America, Hossia, fiemp, and Bapolco
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Co'pyright (c) 1965 by the Ohio Sta
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ContentsI. The Beginnings 3II. Hemp
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1Wai BeginningsIY COUNTRYMEN, SIRE,
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The BeginningsRussia. H e encourage
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The Beginningsand unloaded there. I
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The Beginningserine the Great. "The
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The Beginningsdictates,firstdeposit
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The Beginnings12. Price, Tobacco Ad
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Amelrican
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The American
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The American V
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Hemf, Flax, and Iron: The American
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3Htmp, flax, and Iron:The RussianQL
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Hemp, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemp,Flax, and Iron: The Russian Vi
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Hemf, Flax, and Iron: The Russian V
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A New Flag for the Old Tradethe har
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A New Flag for the Old Tradeof thos
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A New Flag for the Old TradeDana re
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Making and Learning the Rulesthe na
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Making and Learning the Rulespart o
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Making and Learning the RulesRowan
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Making and Learning the RulesMessrs
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Making and Learning the RulesCarryi
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Making and Learning the Rulessachus
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Making and Learning the Rulesonions
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Making and Learning the Rulesthe co
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Making and Learning the Ruleslast a
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Making and Learning the Ruleslong j
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Making and Learning the Rulesuncert
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Making and Learning the Rules18. We
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Secretary of State, 12/24 J uneMaki
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Trade in Time of Warcompletely loos
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Trade in Time of Warhealthy 92 per
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Trade in Time of Warvived our morib
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Trade in Time of WarStates was beco
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Trade in Time of Warwanting the Uni
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Trade in Time of Waryear of the une
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Trade in Time of Warfinal "peace" u
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Trade in Time of WarBefore he slept
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Trade in Time of War16. Boston Colu
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7alliances and EmbargoV ! / N 21 M
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Alliances and EmbargoThe merchant m
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Alliances and Embargocommerce with
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Alliances and EmbargoI avail myself
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Alliances and Embargopower—i.e.,
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Alliances and EmbargoBy the summer
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Alliances and Embargo"stood down th
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Alliances and Embargowar on England
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Alliances and Embargo16. Samuel Bar
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fraudulent tradingJ0N 1807, EIGHTY-
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Fraudulent Tradingon shore. A few o
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Fraudulent Trading1808 were either
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Fraudulent Tradingnotorious that w
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Fraudulent Tradingof France and her
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Fraudulent Tradingwas Denmark. Denm
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Fraudulent Tradingbrought into Dani
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Fraudulent TradingVessels Permitted
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%\it ©anish problemRESIDENT JEFFER
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The Danish Problembring such prices
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The Danish Problemvu avec peine qu'
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The Danish Problemparticular charge
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The Danish ProblemIf America's cong
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The Danish Problemwas over, Sweden
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The Danish Problemvessels had thus
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The Danish Problemshuttling neutral
Page 153 and 154: The Danish Problemtional protection
Page 155 and 156: The Danish ProblemThere they, too,
Page 157 and 158: The Danish ProblemIt seems to be a
Page 159 and 160: The Danish Problem3. Arthur H . Col
Page 161 and 162: The Danish Problem51. Ryan, "The De
Page 163 and 164: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"the stag
Page 165 and 166: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"packet t
Page 167 and 168: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"ing into
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Page 171 and 172: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels""Calumet
Page 173 and 174: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"course o
Page 175 and 176: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"thus esc
Page 177 and 178: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"surpasse
Page 179 and 180: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"task in
Page 181 and 182: "A Bull-dog among Spaniels"25. Cole
Page 183 and 184: Adams in the AscendancyAmerican ves
Page 185 and 186: Adams in the Ascendancyindigo, cott
Page 187 and 188: Adams in the AscendancyTsar'sfleetf
Page 189 and 190: Adams in the AscendancyThe battle w
Page 191 and 192: Adams in the Ascendancytreasuries o
Page 193 and 194: Adams in the Ascendancygreat convoy
Page 195 and 196: Adams in the AscendancyO f 2,000 sh
Page 197 and 198: Adams in the Ascendancytheir crews
Page 199 and 200: Adams in the Ascendancyprinciple of
Page 201 and 202: Adams in the Ascendancyport. Theref
Page 203: Adams in the Ascendancyentered at A
Page 207 and 208: 12Wnt United States, ©arlingof the
Page 209 and 210: The United States, Darling of the B
Page 243 and 244: The Challenge of 18121810 to £731,
Page 245 and 246: The Challenge of 1812quays of every
Page 247 and 248: The Challenge of 1812best to clear
Page 249 and 250: The Challenge of 1812In Russia "the
Page 251 and 252: The Challenge of 1812ona," "Brother
Page 253 and 254: The Challenge of 1812had been paid
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The Challenge of 1812non-intercours
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The Challenge of 181224. C . Adams,
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The Wars of 1812England, he wrote f
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The Wars of 1812The Americans at Go
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The Wars of 1812Smith told Summers
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The Wars of 1812Th e only American
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The Wars of 1812plaque in every mar
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The Wars of 1812Madison's rather pr
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The Wars of 1812"Frederick" and "Ca
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The Wars of 1812lonely souls left i
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The Wars of 1812the "Hannibal" arri
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The Wars of 1812ruin/' i.e., the de
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The Wars of 1812Another American po
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The Wars of 1812The third night out
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The Wars of 1812American conquest a
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The Wars of 18123. Smith, Reminisce
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The Wars of 181240. Caulaincourt, W
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Postscript: Levett HarrisDiedrich R
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Postscript: Levett Harrishis consta
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Appendixances of the United States
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Appendix7-9 July 1807—Treaties of
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Appendix5 August 1810—Napoleon in
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BibliograpliuPRIMARYSOURCESA. Manus
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Bibliographyjournals of the House o
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BibliographyThe Miscellaneous Docum
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BibliographyContains a note or two
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BibliographyE. journalsFOOTE , HENR
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BibliographyThe pioneer work in the
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BibliographyCROUZET, FRANgois. L'Ec
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HOPKINS,BibliographyJAMES F. A Hist
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BibliographyContains a few pages on
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BibliographySCOTT, FRANKLIN D . Ber
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A few facts of interest.Bibliograph
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BibliographyA n indispensable accou
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IndexBelts, Great and Little, 61, 1
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IndexGeorge III, 160Germany, 78, 11
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IndexMoniteur, 181Monroe, James, 27
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IndexSheffield, Lord, 46Sherburne,
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IndexWarsaw, 269Woronsow; see Voron
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Previously published . . .Change an
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