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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11 WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ...................................................... 31.1. Wastewater treatment processes .............................................................................. 31.2. Application of wastewater treatment processes ...................................................... 51.3. Process units of wastewater treatment plant and possibleradiotracer applications ........................................................................................... 62. TRACER TECHNIQUES AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN WASTEWATERTREATMENT PLANTS ................................................................................................ 142.1. Principle of tracer method for residence time measurement ................................. 142.2. Residence time distribution data treatment ........................................................... 152.3. Residence time distribution modelling .................................................................. 152.4. Residence time distribution for troubleshooting ................................................... 202.5. Integration of residence time distribution tracing with computer fluiddynamics simulation .............................................................................................. 222.6. Economic benefits of tracers utilization in wastewater treatment plant ................ 232.7. Conventional tracers for wastewater treatment plant investigations ..................... 242.8. Limitations of conventional tracers in wastewater treatmentplant investigations ................................................................................................ 253. RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUES .................................................................................. 263.1. Selection of radiotracers for investigation of wastewater treatment plants ........... 273.2. Radiotracer measurement ...................................................................................... 323.3. Radiation protection and safety considerations in radiotracerinvestigations in wastewater treatment plants ....................................................... 343.4. Typical radiotracer applications in a wastewater treatment plants ........................ 354. CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 374.1. Radiotracer investigation of wastewater chlorinate process ................................. 374.2. Radiotracer investigation of equalizer – clarifier tank .......................................... 384.3. Radiotracer investigation of mixer- distributor unit .............................................. 394.4. Radiotracer investigation on a sand filter of wastewater treatment plant ............. 404.5. Diagnosis of the submerged biological contactor ................................................. 424.6. Radiotracer investigations of primary clarifier, aeration tankand secondary clarifier .......................................................................................... 444.7. Radiotracers for diagnosing the performance of a secondary clarifier ................. 494.8. Diagnosis of a cylindrical two-stage anaerobic sludge digester ............................ 534.9. Diagnosis of oval sludge digester .......................................................................... 564.10. Radiotracer investigation of an anaerobic digester ............................................... 614.11. Radiotracer investigation of municipal biological aeration tank ........................... 684.12. 99m Tc as a tracer for the liquid residence time distribution measurementin anaerobic digester: application in a sugar wastewater treatment plant ............. 704.13. Radiotracer investigation of wastewater treatment pilot plant .............................. 744.14. Tracer hydrodynamics study in an aeration unit of a wastewatertreatment plant ....................................................................................................... 774.15. Tracer high load field test of a secondary clarifier in awastewater treatment plant .................................................................................... 83
PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................. 87BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 89ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 91CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW ............................................................. 93
Page 1 and 2: Radiotracer Applications inWastewat
Page 3 and 4: The following States are Members of
Page 5 and 6: TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 49RADIOT
Page 7: EDITORIAL NOTEThe use of particular
Page 11 and 12: The success of radiotracer applicat
Page 13 and 14: skimmed out. Flotation, as currentl
Page 16 and 17: 1.3.3. Primary clarifiersA clarifie
Page 18 and 19: esidence times of phases, mixing ch
Page 20 and 21: FIG.8. Secondary clarifier: periphe
Page 22 and 23: processes that occur in natural env
Page 24 and 25: The RTD and MRT are parameters that
Page 26 and 27: (b) Perfect mixers in series modelA
Page 28 and 29: and practically it has better sense
Page 30 and 31: The experimental RTD curve gives ma
Page 32 and 33: FIG.18. Experimental and CFD calcul
Page 34 and 35: Optical tracers can be divided in t
Page 36 and 37: Table 1b. Liquid tracers.- Field of
Page 38 and 39: TABLE 2. SOME WATER RADIOTRACERSIso
Page 40 and 41: The detection efficiency (ϕ) is de
Page 42 and 43: Since on-line radiotracer technique
Page 44 and 45: source. The dose received is direct
Page 46 and 47: 4. CASE STUDIESWastewater from indu
Page 48 and 49: FIG.26. Scheme of equalizer-clarifi
Page 50 and 51: FIG.29. Exp. RTD of S2 and S3 jet m
Page 52 and 53: FIG.33. Experimental RTD curves mea
Page 54 and 55: 1. Radiotracer testsRadiotracer Br-
Page 56 and 57: 4.00E-033.50E-03ExperimentalModel3.
Page 58 and 59:
3. Conclusions• The aeration tank
Page 60 and 61:
FIG.50. Experimental response curve
Page 62 and 63:
4.8. DIAGNOSIS OF A CYLINDRICAL TWO
Page 64 and 65:
FIG.56. RTD simulation for experime
Page 66 and 67:
The radiotracer was chosen to trace
Page 68 and 69:
(a) D1 - D3 (b) D1 - D4(c) D1 - D6
Page 70 and 71:
(d) ConclusionsThe diagnosis of dig
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• average gamma energy of 400 keV
Page 74 and 75:
To estimate the MRT of the mud insi
Page 76 and 77:
FIG.71. Experimental RTD curve and
Page 78 and 79:
FIG.75. Biological aeration tank.FI
Page 80 and 81:
4.12.2. Radiotracer experiment(a) L
Page 82 and 83:
FIG.80. The experimental RTD curve
Page 84 and 85:
FIG.84. Experimental RTD curve of l
Page 86 and 87:
FIG.88. Characteristic curves of se
Page 88 and 89:
tracer background level detection.
Page 90 and 91:
As seen from Fig. 94, the tanks-in-
Page 92 and 93:
FIG.99. Experimental RTD curves wit
Page 94:
The experimental RTD curves obtaine
Page 98:
BIBLIOGRAPHYBORROTO J.I., DOMINGUEZ
Page 102:
CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
Page 106:
I S S N 1 0 1 8 - 5 5 1 8
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