Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect ...

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Susceptibility of key pests to the BtproteinsThe key lepidopteran pests of brassicas in Asia andAfrica are (in approximate order of importance): Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) Cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) Cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis) Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris brassicae/ P. rapae) Cabbage leaf worm (Spodoptera litura) Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Cutworms (Agrotis spp.) and the semi-looper(Trichoplusia ni) can be occasional problems. The keynon-lepidopteran pests are aphids, especially Brevicorynebrassicae, Lipaphis erysimi and Myzus persicae, themustard sawfly (Athalia proxima leguna) and the paintedbug (Bagrada cruciferum).Bioassays with pure Cry1B and Cry1C proteins in India,USA, Australia, Indonesia, Taiwan and China (Shelton etal. 2009) using leaf dip assays showed the LC 50 valuesfor both Cry1B and Cry1C against diamondback moth tobe 1.07 ppm for Cry1B and 2.09 ppm for Cry1Band
Table 1. Mortality of lepidopteran pests on CIMBAAElite Event plants and hybrids in screenhouse trialsin 2008 and 2009 near Delhi and BengaluruRank* Lepidopteran PestSpeciesMortality (%)(mean damage score)1 Plutella xylostella 100 (0)2 Crocidolomia100 (0)binotalis3 Hellula undalis 100 (0)4 Pieris brassicae A little survival oncabbage only‡ (0.7cabbage; 0 oncauliflower)5 Spodoptera litura 90-98% on cabbage andup to 79% oncauliflower‡ (0.4 oncabbage and 0.6 oncauliflower)6 HelicoverpaarmigeraNot well controlled butlarval weights reduced>50% and little pupation(3.3 on cabbage and 4.0on cauliflower)7 Trichoplusia ni 100 (0)*Rank as a pest in India‡ No survival to pupationSustainabilityDiamondback moth has a long history of the evolution ofresistance to sprayed insecticides. In Hawaii, DBMdeveloped resistance to sprayed Bt formulations (Mauand Gusukuma-Minuto 2004). For this reason, CIMBAAchose in 2003 to stack two Bt genes (Cry1B and Cry1C)which are both effective against diamondback moth andwere thought to have different binding sites in the insectgut and so not to be cross-resisted. G. Behere ofUniversity of Melbourne and G.T. Gujar of IARI havebeen studying this issue under an Australia-IndiaStrategic Research Fund grant (2008-11). The work isjust completing now and is unpublished but in outlinedespite the 60 fold range of LC 50 s to the Cry proteinsfound in 18 Indian field populations, none were muchless susceptible to either Bt protein than the standardinternational susceptible strains. Screening of Indianstrains for resistance alleles at 1 ppm (using the F 2method) found 0.5% survival for Cry1B and no survivalfor Cry1C and no resistant families were able to begenerated. Attempts to select resistance in DBM in thelaboratory over 25 generations produced only verymodest resistance to Cry1B (9 fold) and a maximum of 4fold resistant to Cry1C. Selecting with the two toxinstogether was no more successful than with Cry1C alone.All resistances were highly unstable and declined rapidlyin the absence of selection (i.e., had a strong fitness cost).A few insects from these less susceptible laboratorystrains were able to survive for a few extra days on the Btplants but growth was severely affected and no DBMsurvived through pupation. The 9-fold resistant Cry1Bstrain showed no cross resistance to Cry1C.Field studies by TERI in northern and southern Indiasuggest that the alternate crop refugia areas fordiamondback moth during the cabbage and cauliflowergrowing seasons are likely to be sufficient to contributestrongly to slowing the development of resistance bygenerating susceptible insects with which rare resistantinsects emerging from the Bt field would be likely tomate. As at least Cry1B resistance appears to berecessive, it would appear that the ‘high-dose-refugia’requirements of resistance management in the field asused for other pest/Bt crop combinations are likely to bemet by DBM for Cry1B/1C.Partial and full exclusion cage studies by TERI in Btsprayed fields demonstrated both for DBM (V. Sharma)and S. litura (R. Kaliaperumal), that natural enemynumbers were high enough in Bt fields to have a majorimpact on survivorship of any rare surviving insects in atransgenic Bt field.IPM contextControl of pests not susceptible to Bt toxins is stillrequired. Ideally this should be without the foliarapplication of broad spectrum insecticides both forhuman health reasons and because it undermines the roleof beneficial which are enhanced by the use of plantexpressed Bts in the absence of insecticide spraying.CIMBAA has therefore been investigating appropriateIPM strategy contexts for the deployment of the Btplants.Aphids are the clear major pests after caterpillars,especially B. brassicae, L. erysimi and M. persicae. Thetiming of attack varies across India and between seasonsand can be sporadic. Work by R. Kaliaperumal showedthat early season (up to 45days from transplanting),imidacloprid is effective as a pre-transplant seedlingdrench. However pelleting imidacloprid (as Gaucho 600FS) onto the seed avoids the operator exposure andcomplications arising from seedling drenches. Later inthe season, a maximum of two spray applications ofVerticillium lecanii (at 45 and 55 days posttransplanting) controls any remaining aphids up toharvest.Cabbage leaf worm (S. litura) appears to be strongly, butnot ideally, controlled by the Bt toxins and the cottonbollworm (H. armigera) is rather poorly controlled.Experiments showed that both species can be wellcontrolled (>90% reduction in larval activity) by the Btplants in combination with the insects’ respectivenucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) at 1.04x10 9 PIB. TheseNPVs are commercially available. Further work to tailorpackages to local conditions is required.Characterization of CIMBAA plants forregistrationRegistration authorities may call for a range ofappropriate studies but these normally include thefollowing molecular and biosafety criteria.Single genetic locusThe 6th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests 23
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordixAcknowle
Page 7 and 8: Myco‐Jaal® - A novel formulation
Page 9 and 10: ForewordVegetable brassicas such as
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThe Sixth Internati
Page 15 and 16: Behavioral and geneticcomponents of
Page 17 and 18: more wandering behavior in the pres
Page 19 and 20: influenced whether larvae remained
Page 21 and 22: CLIMEX calculates a growth index (G
Page 23 and 24: Table 1 (continued)LimitingprocessW
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Observed DBM light trap c
Page 27 and 28: Rising to the challenge: anational
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. List of insecticides for w
Page 31 and 32: Progress and challengesin the Bt br
Page 33: mixtures. One third of farmers were
Page 37 and 38: o The Genetics Engineering Approval
Page 39 and 40: AVRDC; A. Rauf of Bogor University
Page 41: SESSION 2Biology, ecology and behav
Page 44 and 45: fields of Thondamuthur village, Coi
Page 46 and 47: Table 2. Morphometrics of C. binota
Page 48 and 49: On the basis of LC 50 values, the s
Page 50 and 51: Natural mortality ofPlutella xylost
Page 52 and 53: (x10 magnification) and excess eggs
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2. Lifetables for insect coh
Page 56 and 57: Diadegma semiclausum is well establ
Page 58 and 59: Diurnal behavior ofnaturally micros
Page 60 and 61: changed after the eggs were counted
Page 62 and 63: Geden, C. J., Long, S. J., Rutz, D.
Page 64 and 65: Scaptomyza flava (GP Walker, unpubl
Page 66 and 67: longer distance migrations into the
Page 68 and 69: FIGURESFigures 1A & B. Mean number
Page 70 and 71: Monitoring of cabbagelooper, Tricho
Page 72 and 73: populations of British Columbia col
Page 75 and 76: Importance ofglucosinolates indeter
Page 77 and 78: the importance of glucosinolates in
Page 79 and 80: Olfactory responses ofPlutella xylo
Page 81 and 82: Figure. 1: Percentage of adult P. x
Page 83 and 84: Moorthy, 1992) have reported that p
Page 85 and 86:
P
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egg masses and more eggs in total o
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SESSION 4Biological and non‐chemi
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on cabbage cultivation in one seaso
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four stages at day 7 post treatment
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Table 5. Biological effects of 17 e
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Kelly A Cook. K.a., S.T. Ratcliffe.
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applied only once every three weeks
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South Africa was assigned to supply
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Waladde SM, Leutle MF, Villet MH. 2
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study site
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Several studies have demonstrated t
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approach would continue until it ev
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ecorded in Hod 3 (19.1%), followed
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plutellae. Many adults of C. plutel
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litura (SL) which normally live in
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Table 2. Sizes of m-PX and m-SL fro
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helping us with the in vivo study.
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Since temperature is one of the mos
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Figure 4. Effect of different conce
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Predators in early seasonbrassica c
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Table 2. Predators encountered duri
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Table 5. Sticky trap captures for c
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dwelling predators, although it is
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Predators per trap109876543Lycosida
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Mortality was calculated using Abbo
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DBM fed on the leaf discs treated w
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Quality aspects of Bacillusthuringi
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five applications one week apart fo
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Antifeedant effect ofAcorus calamus
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Figure 1. Concentration-antifeedant
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CONCLUSIONA. calamus extracted in f
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of D. grandiflora on the growth kin
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etween antifeedant activity and con
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Table 2. Antifeedant index (AFI) an
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Field evaluation of insectexclusion
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Three main Lepidoptera pests were o
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price (SBD)30.0025.0020.0015.0010.0
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STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe data collec
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Myco-Jaal: a novelformulation of Be
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asexual conidium. The conidia adher
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Table 1. Efficacy of Myco-Jaal on y
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Susceptibility ofdiamondback moth a
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Table 1. Toxicity of Cry1Ac to fiel
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ReferencesAbbott WS. 1925. A method
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76°58′17″E), Tamil Nadu, India
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International Workshop, Talekar NS,
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Table 3. Effect of Neem limonoids o
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Figure 1. Structure of neem limonoi
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catch up with the farming community
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All treatments were imposed by usin
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The above results indicate that the
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A strong negative relationship obse
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ReferencesAnonymous 2000. Package o
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egularly causes epizootics in popul
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treatments. It is evident that DBM
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Table 1. Effects of three aqueous s
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egion (Adams, 1959); it is a native
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Effects of Cry toxins and Bt formul
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Hilbeck A, Baumgartner M, Fried MP,
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Table 3. Effect of Cry 1Ba2 on Cote
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SESSION 5Insecticides and insectici
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time. Within four years of the firs
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Update on DBM diamideresistance fro
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In year 2011, Sai Noi and Tha Muang
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Lahm GP, Cordova D, Barry JD. 2009.
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Fipronil acts by blocking chloride
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Table 2. Slope, LC 50 (ppm) and let
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Figure 2. Lethal dose ratios for fi
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y the inherent lower susceptibility
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Diamondback mothresistance to commo
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of the relative potency of each ins
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Table 3: Susceptibility of six fiel
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Spinetoram, a newspinosyn insectici
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Spinetoram is also highly effective
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Norte del Estado areas of Guanajuat
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Insecticide resistancemanagement: s
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still exist. The second source of i
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they organized the so called “Dia
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Recent developments inmanagement of
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is the reciprocal of the relative p
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developing thresholds for new brass
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Table 3: Spinosad (Success®) and i
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Insecticide sprays are generally ap
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may still benefit from doing so, ir
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generations” to Group 28 insectic
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Management of insecticideresistance
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Stop cultivation of crucifer crops
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252 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Cen
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Impact of reduced-riskinsecticides
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mines) on the 10 plants in each plo
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Table 4. Follow up with growers aft
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Guided by such objective, the Thai
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establishment rapidly achieved by D
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Malaysian Agricultural Research and
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the farmers. We report the developm
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Table 3. Number of DBM larvae in th
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Pest status and damage potentialThe
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Life tableLife table of DBM reveals
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Currentl
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CHEMICAL INSECTICIDESPeter et al. (
Page 291 and 292:
Manjunath TM. 1972. Biological stud
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Armyworm, Spodoptera litura Armywo
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Adoption and perceptionTable 5 show
Page 297 and 298:
Control of brassica pests -an examp
Page 299 and 300:
Table 2. A Comparison of IPM and Pe
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Occurrence and control ofPlutella x
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Apopul at i on dynami c ( l ar va/
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Diadegma semiclausumD. semiclausum,
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Diamondback moth(Plutella xylostell
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SESSION 7Genomic and other novel ap
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management (IPM) systems (Shelton e
Page 314 and 315:
Kalra VK, Sharma SS, Chauhan R, Bha
Page 316 and 317:
Table 2. Segregation analysis based
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current paper provides detail on th
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Proteins do not act antagonisticall
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CONCLUSIONThe transformation events
Page 324 and 325:
Enhancement of the sterileinsect te
Page 326 and 327:
optimisation of transformation prot
Page 328 and 329:
Workshop PresidentsDr. Jacqueline d
Page 330 and 331:
Participant e‐mail Organization C
Page 332 and 333:
Author IndexAbuzid, I..............
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