Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect ...

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Table 2. Morphometrics of C. binotalis on cauliflowerS. No. Particulars/StageMeasurementsMinimum Maximum Mean ± SEM1. Total number of egg masses / female 7.00 12.00 10.00 ± 0.292. Number of eggs / mass 15.00 80.00 47.50 ± 1.373. Egg massLength (mm) 3.02 4.04 3.63 ± 0.105Breadth (mm) 1.60 3.90 3.75 ± 0.1084. EggLength (mm) 0.27 0.38 0.34 ± 0.009Breadth (mm) 0.24 0.38 0.28 ± 0.0085. Larval head capsule width (mm)I instar 0.27 0.29 0.27 ± 0.008II instar 0.43 0.47 0.46 ± 0.013III instar 0.79 0.86 0.84 ± 0.024IV instar 1.29 1.48 1.40 ± 0.040V instar 1.62 1.76 1.69 ± 0.0366. Pupal weight (g)Male 0.80 1.20 1.00 ± 0.081Female 1.00 1.40 1.20 ± 0.1097. Pupal length (mm)Male 1.81 2.01 1.91 ± 0.055Female 2.08 2.30 2.19 ± 0.0638. Pupal breadth (mm)Male 0.58 0.65 0.62 ± 0.018Female 0.63 0.69 0.66 ± 0.0199. Adult wingspan (mm)Male 20.43 22.58 21.50 ± .621Female 18.53 20.48 19.50 ± .56310. Adult body length (mm)Male 11.88 13.13 12.50 ±0.361Female 9.50 10.50 10.00 ± .289Mating, oviposition and fecundityThe sex ratio of cabbage head caterpillar was 1:1.23.Moths mated after 1-2 days from emergence. Matingoccurred during night hours and oviposition took placeone day after mating during the night. The ovipositionperiod lasted for 5-7 days. A single female was able todeposit 7 to 12 egg clusters with a total number of 15-80eggs per cluster; average fecundity of a female was 475eggs.Quantitative intake and utilization offoodThe present study also revealed that the C. binotalis larvaconsumed, on average, 3.80, 18.09, 64.22, 364.13 and2730.97 mg of fresh cauliflower leaves, respectively, infive successive instars, thereby consuming a total amountof 3181.21 mg leaves during its entire larval life period(Table 3). It was observed that the C. binotalis caterpillarfed gregariously in the first three instars by scraping andmaking holes in the leaves, whereas the later two instarsscattered and nibbled at the leaf margins, eating the leafvoraciously, leaving behind only the hard midrib andveins intact. The consumption index (CI) and growth rate(GR) calculated on fresh weight basis was highest (5.46and 0.47) in the fifth instar. Approximate digestibility(AD), was maximum in the second instar (53.79%) andminimum in the fifth instar (14.60%). Fresh weightefficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) in C.binotalis decreased from 29.13 in the second to 9.16percent in the fifth instar. Efficiency of conversion ofdigested food (ECD) on the other hand increasedprogressively in the successive instars and was maximumin the fifth instar.34 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center
Figure 1. Biology of Crocidolomia binotalis on CauliflowerTable 3. Nutritional indices and growth rate in C. binotalis on cauliflower leavesInstarFresh weightof foodconsumed(mg/larva)Weightgained/larva (mg)Faecalmatter/larva (mg)Duration offeeding(Days)GR CI AD ECI (%) ECD(%)I 3.80 0.95 1.85 2.5 0.22 1.60 51.31 25.0 48.72II 18.09 5.27 8.36 2.5 0.28 1.37 53.79 29.13 54.16III 64.22 9.41 35.53 2.0 0.22 3.47 44.67 14.65 32.79IV 364.13 51.66 279.98 2.0 0.37 3.52 23.11 14.19 61.39V 2730.97 250.03 2332.23 2.0 0.47 5.46 14.60 9.16 62.70Totallarvalperiod3181.21 317.32 2657.95 11.0 1.40 17.04 8.37 23.61Table 4. Susceptibility of C. binotalis to newer molecules of insecticidesFiducial limits(ppm)Fiducial limits(ppm)InsecticidesNo. of Χ 2 Slope ± LC 50LC 90larvae (n-2) SE (ppm)(ppmLower UpperLower UpperSpinosad 2.5 SC 350 0.113 1.195 0.0323 0.023 0.065 0.411 0.193 0.876Indoxacarb 14.5 SC 350 0.643 1.259 0.0763 0.052 0.113 1.547 0.449 0.943Emamectinbenzoate 5 SG350 0.091 1.587 0.0221 0.015 0.032 0.241 0.118 0.490Azadirachtin 0.1 EC 350 0.205 1.910 0.1791 0.166 0.192 0.342 0.314 0.380Quinalphos 25 EC 350 0.715 2.022 1.6955 1.590 1.884 2.529 2.374 2.801The 6th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests 35
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordixAcknowle
Page 7 and 8: Myco‐Jaal® - A novel formulation
Page 9 and 10: ForewordVegetable brassicas such as
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThe Sixth Internati
Page 15 and 16: Behavioral and geneticcomponents of
Page 17 and 18: more wandering behavior in the pres
Page 19 and 20: influenced whether larvae remained
Page 21 and 22: CLIMEX calculates a growth index (G
Page 23 and 24: Table 1 (continued)LimitingprocessW
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Observed DBM light trap c
Page 27 and 28: Rising to the challenge: anational
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. List of insecticides for w
Page 31 and 32: Progress and challengesin the Bt br
Page 33 and 34: mixtures. One third of farmers were
Page 35 and 36: Table 1. Mortality of lepidopteran
Page 37 and 38: o The Genetics Engineering Approval
Page 39 and 40: AVRDC; A. Rauf of Bogor University
Page 41: SESSION 2Biology, ecology and behav
Page 44 and 45: fields of Thondamuthur village, Coi
Page 48 and 49: On the basis of LC 50 values, the s
Page 50 and 51: Natural mortality ofPlutella xylost
Page 52 and 53: (x10 magnification) and excess eggs
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2. Lifetables for insect coh
Page 56 and 57: Diadegma semiclausum is well establ
Page 58 and 59: Diurnal behavior ofnaturally micros
Page 60 and 61: changed after the eggs were counted
Page 62 and 63: Geden, C. J., Long, S. J., Rutz, D.
Page 64 and 65: Scaptomyza flava (GP Walker, unpubl
Page 66 and 67: longer distance migrations into the
Page 68 and 69: FIGURESFigures 1A & B. Mean number
Page 70 and 71: Monitoring of cabbagelooper, Tricho
Page 72 and 73: populations of British Columbia col
Page 75 and 76: Importance ofglucosinolates indeter
Page 77 and 78: the importance of glucosinolates in
Page 79 and 80: Olfactory responses ofPlutella xylo
Page 81 and 82: Figure. 1: Percentage of adult P. x
Page 83 and 84: Moorthy, 1992) have reported that p
Page 85 and 86: P
Page 87 and 88: egg masses and more eggs in total o
Page 89: SESSION 4Biological and non‐chemi
Page 92 and 93: on cabbage cultivation in one seaso
Page 94 and 95: four stages at day 7 post treatment
Page 96 and 97:
Table 5. Biological effects of 17 e
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Kelly A Cook. K.a., S.T. Ratcliffe.
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applied only once every three weeks
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South Africa was assigned to supply
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Waladde SM, Leutle MF, Villet MH. 2
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study site
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Several studies have demonstrated t
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approach would continue until it ev
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ecorded in Hod 3 (19.1%), followed
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plutellae. Many adults of C. plutel
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litura (SL) which normally live in
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Table 2. Sizes of m-PX and m-SL fro
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helping us with the in vivo study.
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Since temperature is one of the mos
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Figure 4. Effect of different conce
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Predators in early seasonbrassica c
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Table 2. Predators encountered duri
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Table 5. Sticky trap captures for c
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dwelling predators, although it is
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Predators per trap109876543Lycosida
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Mortality was calculated using Abbo
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DBM fed on the leaf discs treated w
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Quality aspects of Bacillusthuringi
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five applications one week apart fo
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Antifeedant effect ofAcorus calamus
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Figure 1. Concentration-antifeedant
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CONCLUSIONA. calamus extracted in f
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of D. grandiflora on the growth kin
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etween antifeedant activity and con
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Table 2. Antifeedant index (AFI) an
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Field evaluation of insectexclusion
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Three main Lepidoptera pests were o
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price (SBD)30.0025.0020.0015.0010.0
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STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe data collec
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Myco-Jaal: a novelformulation of Be
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asexual conidium. The conidia adher
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Table 1. Efficacy of Myco-Jaal on y
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Susceptibility ofdiamondback moth a
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Table 1. Toxicity of Cry1Ac to fiel
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ReferencesAbbott WS. 1925. A method
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76°58′17″E), Tamil Nadu, India
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International Workshop, Talekar NS,
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Table 3. Effect of Neem limonoids o
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Figure 1. Structure of neem limonoi
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catch up with the farming community
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All treatments were imposed by usin
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The above results indicate that the
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A strong negative relationship obse
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ReferencesAnonymous 2000. Package o
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egularly causes epizootics in popul
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treatments. It is evident that DBM
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Table 1. Effects of three aqueous s
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egion (Adams, 1959); it is a native
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Effects of Cry toxins and Bt formul
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Hilbeck A, Baumgartner M, Fried MP,
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Table 3. Effect of Cry 1Ba2 on Cote
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SESSION 5Insecticides and insectici
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time. Within four years of the firs
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Update on DBM diamideresistance fro
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In year 2011, Sai Noi and Tha Muang
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Lahm GP, Cordova D, Barry JD. 2009.
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Fipronil acts by blocking chloride
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Table 2. Slope, LC 50 (ppm) and let
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Figure 2. Lethal dose ratios for fi
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y the inherent lower susceptibility
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Diamondback mothresistance to commo
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of the relative potency of each ins
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Table 3: Susceptibility of six fiel
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Spinetoram, a newspinosyn insectici
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Spinetoram is also highly effective
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Norte del Estado areas of Guanajuat
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Insecticide resistancemanagement: s
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still exist. The second source of i
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they organized the so called “Dia
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Recent developments inmanagement of
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is the reciprocal of the relative p
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developing thresholds for new brass
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Table 3: Spinosad (Success®) and i
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Insecticide sprays are generally ap
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may still benefit from doing so, ir
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generations” to Group 28 insectic
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Management of insecticideresistance
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Stop cultivation of crucifer crops
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252 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Cen
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Impact of reduced-riskinsecticides
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mines) on the 10 plants in each plo
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Table 4. Follow up with growers aft
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Guided by such objective, the Thai
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establishment rapidly achieved by D
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Malaysian Agricultural Research and
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the farmers. We report the developm
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Table 3. Number of DBM larvae in th
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Pest status and damage potentialThe
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Life tableLife table of DBM reveals
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Currentl
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CHEMICAL INSECTICIDESPeter et al. (
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Manjunath TM. 1972. Biological stud
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Armyworm, Spodoptera litura Armywo
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Adoption and perceptionTable 5 show
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Control of brassica pests -an examp
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Table 2. A Comparison of IPM and Pe
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Occurrence and control ofPlutella x
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Apopul at i on dynami c ( l ar va/
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Diadegma semiclausumD. semiclausum,
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Diamondback moth(Plutella xylostell
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SESSION 7Genomic and other novel ap
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management (IPM) systems (Shelton e
Page 314 and 315:
Kalra VK, Sharma SS, Chauhan R, Bha
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Table 2. Segregation analysis based
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current paper provides detail on th
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Proteins do not act antagonisticall
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CONCLUSIONThe transformation events
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Enhancement of the sterileinsect te
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optimisation of transformation prot
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Workshop PresidentsDr. Jacqueline d
Page 330 and 331:
Participant e‐mail Organization C
Page 332 and 333:
Author IndexAbuzid, I..............
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