Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect ...

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Management of insecticide resistance development in diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (L.)T. Miyata and G. Wu 248SESSION 6 Overcoming barriers to development and implementation of IPMsystems for crucifers 253Impact of reduced‐risk insecticides against insect pests on cabbage (Brassica spp.)G. V. P. Reddy and J.P. Bamba 255Introduction and establishment of Diadegma semiclausum in conjunction with farmer fieldschool for diamondback moth control in intensively‐sprayed crucifer production innorth‐eastern ThailandA. Upanisakorn, S. Sammawan, J.W.Ketelaar and G.S. Lim 260Control management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) in Chinese kaleP. Chayopas, J. Aekamnuay, S. Sukhonthapirom na patharoung, U. Nunart, P. Punyawattoe, S.Sahaya and I. Tiantad 266Status, damage potential and management of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) inTamil Nadu, IndiaS. Uthamasamy, M. Kannan, K. Senguttuvan and S.A. Jayaprakash 270Implementation of IPM systems – experiences with the crucifer pest management programin MalaysiaA. Sivapragasam, W.H. Loke and M.N. Mohamad Roff 280Control of brassica pests ‐ an example of successful IPM in AustraliaP.G. Cole, J. Page, J. Mills and P.A. Horne 285Occurrence and control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Yunnan, ChinaX.Q. Zhao, X.Y. Li, Y.Q. Yin and A.D. Chen 289Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) management in Lao PDRP. Soysouvanh 295SESSION 7 Genomic and other novel approaches to crucifer pest management 297Baseline susceptibility of diamondback moth to the Cry1Ac protein and efficacy ofBt cauliflowerS.N. Mandlik, V.B. Pawar, S.N. Madan, S. Shukla, M. Narendran, B.R. Char and S. Parimi 299The efficacy and sustainability of the CIMBAA transgenic Cry1B/Cry1C Bt cabbageand cauliflower plants for control of lepidopteran pestsR. Kaliaperumal, D.A Russell, G.T. Gujar, G. Behere, S. Dutt, G.K. Krishna, A. Mordhorst andD. Grzywacz 305Enhancement of the sterile insect technique using germ‐line transformation technology 312N.I. Morrison, S. Martins, N. Naish, A.S. Walker, L. Alphey
ForewordVegetable brassicas such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, mustard, radish, and several leafygreens are important crops worldwide, with an acreage of 2.29 million ha. Asia alone accountsfor more than 70% of global brassica acreage as well as production. Brassicas contributeessential vitamins and minerals, especially vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, folic acid, and dietaryfiber to the human diet, and also contain several compounds that prevent or protect againstdifferent types of cancer.Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is the most serious pest worldwide of alleconomically important brassicas. In addition to DBM, secondary pests such as head caterpillar(Crocidolomia binotalis), web worm (Hellula undalis), butterfly (Pieris spp.), flea beetle(Phyllotreta spp.) and aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae, Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae) also causesignificant yield losses. Farmers prefer to use chemical pesticides for controlling these pestsbecause chemicals have an immediate knock‐down effect, and are readily available in localmarkets. DBM management costs up to US$ 1 billion per year globally. A recent estimateshowed that in India alone, DBM control costs about US$ 168 million per annum. Controlmeasures constitute about 38% of the cost of production of major brassica crops in India andabout 49% in the Philippines. Many pesticides used in brassica production systems are highlytoxic to human health. For example, one popular pesticide for cabbage crops in Thailand ismethyl parathion, an organophosphate. This product has been banned by most countries, and isclassified by World Health Organization (WHO) as a Class 1a (extremely hazardous) substance.Similarly, at least ten of the active ingredients used in brassica production systems in parts ofIndia were listed as extremely or highly hazardous (classes Ia and Ib) by the WHO. Pesticideabuse in brassica production poses serious risks to producers, consumers, and the overall healthof the environment, and has triggered a growing interest in integrated pest management (IPM)techniques.AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center took the lead in IPM for DBM in Asia. The Centerimplemented a brassica IPM program under the Asian Vegetable Network (AVNET) from 1989‐1996. It introduced parasitoids such as Diadegma semiclausum, Cotesia plutellae, Diadromuscollaris, and Trichogrammatoidea bactrae in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.The biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis complemented the action of these parasitoids.Participating farmers from collaborating countries adopted IPM, resulting in a significantreduction in pesticide use that drastically reduced the cost of production and enhancedenvironmental health. Similar biological control programs were implemented in Cambodia, Laos,and Vietnam (CLVNET) from 1996‐2005, in South Asia (SAVERNET) during 1992‐2000 and in EastAfrica during 2004‐2008. Most other organizations such as the Food and AgricultureOrganization, icipe – African Insect Science for Food and Health, International Institute ofTropical Agriculture, national agricultural research services and universities are leading similarprograms in different parts of the world. Currently, secondary insect pests of brassicas receivemuch less research attention than DBM—an imbalance that should be addressed in futureresearch activities.The International Working Group on DBM and Other Crucifer Insects is an informal group ofresearchers worldwide who are actively engaged in research and development in brassica pestmanagement. Every four to five years the group organizes and participates in an internationalworkshop on the management of DBM and other crucifer insect pests. I am happy to note thatix
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordixAcknowle
Page 7: Myco‐Jaal® - A novel formulation
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThe Sixth Internati
Page 15 and 16: Behavioral and geneticcomponents of
Page 17 and 18: more wandering behavior in the pres
Page 19 and 20: influenced whether larvae remained
Page 21 and 22: CLIMEX calculates a growth index (G
Page 23 and 24: Table 1 (continued)LimitingprocessW
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Observed DBM light trap c
Page 27 and 28: Rising to the challenge: anational
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. List of insecticides for w
Page 31 and 32: Progress and challengesin the Bt br
Page 33 and 34: mixtures. One third of farmers were
Page 35 and 36: Table 1. Mortality of lepidopteran
Page 37 and 38: o The Genetics Engineering Approval
Page 39 and 40: AVRDC; A. Rauf of Bogor University
Page 41: SESSION 2Biology, ecology and behav
Page 44 and 45: fields of Thondamuthur village, Coi
Page 46 and 47: Table 2. Morphometrics of C. binota
Page 48 and 49: On the basis of LC 50 values, the s
Page 50 and 51: Natural mortality ofPlutella xylost
Page 52 and 53: (x10 magnification) and excess eggs
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2. Lifetables for insect coh
Page 56 and 57: Diadegma semiclausum is well establ
Page 58 and 59:
Diurnal behavior ofnaturally micros
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changed after the eggs were counted
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Geden, C. J., Long, S. J., Rutz, D.
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Scaptomyza flava (GP Walker, unpubl
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longer distance migrations into the
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FIGURESFigures 1A & B. Mean number
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Monitoring of cabbagelooper, Tricho
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populations of British Columbia col
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Importance ofglucosinolates indeter
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the importance of glucosinolates in
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Olfactory responses ofPlutella xylo
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Figure. 1: Percentage of adult P. x
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Moorthy, 1992) have reported that p
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P
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egg masses and more eggs in total o
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SESSION 4Biological and non‐chemi
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on cabbage cultivation in one seaso
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four stages at day 7 post treatment
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Table 5. Biological effects of 17 e
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Kelly A Cook. K.a., S.T. Ratcliffe.
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applied only once every three weeks
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South Africa was assigned to supply
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Waladde SM, Leutle MF, Villet MH. 2
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study site
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Several studies have demonstrated t
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approach would continue until it ev
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ecorded in Hod 3 (19.1%), followed
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plutellae. Many adults of C. plutel
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litura (SL) which normally live in
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Table 2. Sizes of m-PX and m-SL fro
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helping us with the in vivo study.
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Since temperature is one of the mos
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Figure 4. Effect of different conce
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Predators in early seasonbrassica c
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Table 2. Predators encountered duri
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Table 5. Sticky trap captures for c
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dwelling predators, although it is
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Predators per trap109876543Lycosida
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Mortality was calculated using Abbo
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DBM fed on the leaf discs treated w
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Quality aspects of Bacillusthuringi
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five applications one week apart fo
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Antifeedant effect ofAcorus calamus
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Figure 1. Concentration-antifeedant
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CONCLUSIONA. calamus extracted in f
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of D. grandiflora on the growth kin
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etween antifeedant activity and con
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Table 2. Antifeedant index (AFI) an
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Field evaluation of insectexclusion
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Three main Lepidoptera pests were o
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price (SBD)30.0025.0020.0015.0010.0
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STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe data collec
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Myco-Jaal: a novelformulation of Be
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asexual conidium. The conidia adher
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Table 1. Efficacy of Myco-Jaal on y
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Susceptibility ofdiamondback moth a
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Table 1. Toxicity of Cry1Ac to fiel
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ReferencesAbbott WS. 1925. A method
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76°58′17″E), Tamil Nadu, India
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International Workshop, Talekar NS,
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Table 3. Effect of Neem limonoids o
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Figure 1. Structure of neem limonoi
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catch up with the farming community
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All treatments were imposed by usin
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The above results indicate that the
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A strong negative relationship obse
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ReferencesAnonymous 2000. Package o
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egularly causes epizootics in popul
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treatments. It is evident that DBM
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Table 1. Effects of three aqueous s
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egion (Adams, 1959); it is a native
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Effects of Cry toxins and Bt formul
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Hilbeck A, Baumgartner M, Fried MP,
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Table 3. Effect of Cry 1Ba2 on Cote
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SESSION 5Insecticides and insectici
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time. Within four years of the firs
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Update on DBM diamideresistance fro
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In year 2011, Sai Noi and Tha Muang
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Lahm GP, Cordova D, Barry JD. 2009.
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Fipronil acts by blocking chloride
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Table 2. Slope, LC 50 (ppm) and let
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Figure 2. Lethal dose ratios for fi
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y the inherent lower susceptibility
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Diamondback mothresistance to commo
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of the relative potency of each ins
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Table 3: Susceptibility of six fiel
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Spinetoram, a newspinosyn insectici
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Spinetoram is also highly effective
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Norte del Estado areas of Guanajuat
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Insecticide resistancemanagement: s
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still exist. The second source of i
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they organized the so called “Dia
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Recent developments inmanagement of
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is the reciprocal of the relative p
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developing thresholds for new brass
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Table 3: Spinosad (Success®) and i
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Insecticide sprays are generally ap
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may still benefit from doing so, ir
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generations” to Group 28 insectic
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Management of insecticideresistance
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Stop cultivation of crucifer crops
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252 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Cen
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Impact of reduced-riskinsecticides
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mines) on the 10 plants in each plo
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Table 4. Follow up with growers aft
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Guided by such objective, the Thai
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establishment rapidly achieved by D
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Malaysian Agricultural Research and
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the farmers. We report the developm
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Table 3. Number of DBM larvae in th
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Pest status and damage potentialThe
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Life tableLife table of DBM reveals
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Currentl
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CHEMICAL INSECTICIDESPeter et al. (
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Manjunath TM. 1972. Biological stud
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Armyworm, Spodoptera litura Armywo
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Adoption and perceptionTable 5 show
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Control of brassica pests -an examp
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Table 2. A Comparison of IPM and Pe
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Occurrence and control ofPlutella x
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Apopul at i on dynami c ( l ar va/
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Diadegma semiclausumD. semiclausum,
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Diamondback moth(Plutella xylostell
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SESSION 7Genomic and other novel ap
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management (IPM) systems (Shelton e
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Kalra VK, Sharma SS, Chauhan R, Bha
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Table 2. Segregation analysis based
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current paper provides detail on th
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Proteins do not act antagonisticall
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CONCLUSIONThe transformation events
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Enhancement of the sterileinsect te
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optimisation of transformation prot
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Workshop PresidentsDr. Jacqueline d
Page 330 and 331:
Participant e‐mail Organization C
Page 332 and 333:
Author IndexAbuzid, I..............
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