Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect ...

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On the basis of LC 50 values, the study also reveals the orderof toxicity of newer molecule insecticides was emamectinbenzoate (Proclaim) > spinosad (Success)> indoxacarb(Avaunt)> azadirachtin (Econeem) > quinalphos (Ecolux)with their corresponding LC 50 values being 0.0221, 0.0323,0.0763, 0.1791 and 1.6955 ppm respectively. LC 95 valueswere 0.241, 0.411, 1.547, 0.342 and 2.529 ppm foremamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb, azadirachtin andquinalphos. Among the chemicals tested, emamectinbenzoate was found to be most toxic to C. binotalis (Table4).DISCUSSIONThe cabbagehead caterpillar, C. binotalis is a secondarypest of cauliflower and causes economic losses duringthe dry season.The present studies indicated that female moths laid theireggs in batches on the lower side near the base of the leafand average number of eggs laid by a gravid female was47.50 with incubation period of 3 days. The present studyalso recorded five larval instars with mean total larvalperiod of 11 days. The duration of first and secondsuccessive instars was 2.5 days; third, fourth and fifthinstars were 2.0 days. Pupal period lasted for 6.0 -8.0days. Average longevity of adult moth was 10.0 days andfecundity was 7 to 12 egg clusters with a mean of 475eggs / female. The results of the present study are inagreement with the findings of Othman (1982) andHarcourt (1962). They have reported similar results withvariations in duration of egg, larval, pupal periods andadult longevity. Such variations in the duration ofdifferent life stages may be due to geographic andclimatic conditions.The results of the morphometrics are in agreement withfindings of Othman (1982) and Harcourt (1962). Studieson food consumption and nutritional indices revealed thatC. binotalis larva consumed a total amount of 318.21 mgcauliflower leaves during its entire larval period,increasing its nutritional needs as it grew. Foodconsumption increased towards the end of each larvalinstar. This confirmed the findings of Sharma et al.(1999) who reported that a direct correlation wasobserved between food consumption and mean larvalweight in cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae (L.)on cauliflower.Present studies also clearly indicated that the foodconsumption per larva as well as per gram body weightincreased many-fold in the last instar, which aloneaccounted for 85.8% of total consumption during theentire larval period. Higher growth rate indicates higherutilization of ingested food for growth. Both growth rateand weight gain in C. binotalis indicated that themaximum utilization of food for tissue synthesis tookplace in the fifth instar. The results of the studies are inagreement with findings of Smith et al. (1986) andSharma et al. (1999). They have recorded that half of thefeeding and body weight gained occurred during the lasttwo days of larval growth in soybean looper and P.brassicae in cauliflower.The consumption index and growth rate was highest infifth instar; approximate digestibility (AD) wasmaximum in the second instar (53.79%) and minimum inthe fifth instar (14.60%), ostensibly because the foodingested by fifty instar larvae contained a non-digestiblecellulosic component in much higher proportion andquality. This resulted in the production of increasedexcrement, i.e. 2332.23 mg in the fifth instar. Efficiencyof conversion of ingested food (ECI) in C. binotalisdecreased from 29.13 in the second to 9.16 per cent inthe fifth instar. Efficiency of conversion of digested food(ECD) on the other hand increased progressively in thesuccessive instars and was maximum in the fifth instar.ECI tends to decrease with increasing age in most of theinsects, partly due to a concomitant decline in AD. Anincrease in ECD with declining AD and ECI can beattributed to the fact that the insect utilized more food forassimilation in the tissue in the later stages as manifestedby increase in the weight of the insect. This result is inagreement with the findings of Reynolds et al. (1985)and Sharma et al. (1999). They have reported that theefficiency of diet utilization increased with increasedwater content in the food. The increase in ECD withdecline of AD and ECI was attributed to the fact that theinsect utilizes more food for assimilation in the tissue inthe later stage to increase body weight.Among the new molecules evaluated, emamectinbenzoate ranks first in efficacy against C. binotalis. Theresults of the present study are in agreement with thefindings of Suganyakanna et al. (2005) and Mohite andPatil (2005) against P. xylostella in cabbage.AcknowledgementThe authors are grateful to the Professor and Head,Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil NaduAgricultural University, Coimbatore for providing uswith necessary facilities.ReferencesFinney DJ. 1971. Probit analysis, 3rd ed. Cambridge Universitypress. Cambridge. 333p.Gomez KA, Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures forAgricultural Research. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons,New York. p. 680.Harcourt DG. 1962. Biology of cabbage caterpillars in EasternOntario. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ont. 93: 61-75.Mohite PB Patil SRA. 2005. Evaluation of new moleculespinosad 2.5 SC for the management of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella on cauliflower. J. Plant Protec. and Environ.2: 17-19.Nagarkatti S, Jayanth KP. 1982. Population dynamics of majorinsect pests of cabbage and of their natural enemies inBangalore District (India). Pp. 325-347. In Proc. Int. Conf.Plant Pro. Tropics. Malaysian Plant Protection Society,Kulalampur, Malaysia.Othman N. 1982. Biology of Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasites from Cipanas area(West Java). Seameo Regional Centre for Tropical Biology,Bogor, Indonesia. 52p.Reynolds SE, Nottingham SF, Stephans AE.1985. Food andwater economy and its relation to growth in fifth instar larvae oftobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiology 31:119-127.Sharma R., Sheikher C, Sharma KC. 1999. Quantitative intakeand utilization of cauliflower leaves by cabbage white butterfly,Pieries brassicae (L.) (Leptidoptera : Pieridae). Entomon24(2): 143-147.36 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center
Suganyakanna S, Chandrasekaran S, Regupathy A, Lavanya D.2005. Emamectin 5 SG (Proclaim) - a new insecticide forDiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella management incabbage. Pestology 24: 24-27.Smith JD, Goyer RA, Woodring JP. 1986. Instar determinationand growth and feeling indices of the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocamidae) reared ontupelo gim, Nyssa aquatic L. Ent. Soc. Amer. 79: 304-307.Tabashnik B, Cushing NL. 1987. Leaf residue vs. topicalbioassay for assessing insecticide resistance in thediamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. FAO Plant Protect.Bull, 35: 11-14.Waldbauer, G.P. 1968. The consumption and utilization of foodby insects. Adv. Insect Physiol. 5: 229-288.Weinberger, K., Srinivasan R. 2009. Farmers' management ofcabbage and cauliflower pests in India and their approaches tocrop protection. J. of Asia Pacific Entomology 12: 253-259.The 6th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests 37
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordixAcknowle
Page 7 and 8: Myco‐Jaal® - A novel formulation
Page 9 and 10: ForewordVegetable brassicas such as
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThe Sixth Internati
Page 15 and 16: Behavioral and geneticcomponents of
Page 17 and 18: more wandering behavior in the pres
Page 19 and 20: influenced whether larvae remained
Page 21 and 22: CLIMEX calculates a growth index (G
Page 23 and 24: Table 1 (continued)LimitingprocessW
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Observed DBM light trap c
Page 27 and 28: Rising to the challenge: anational
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. List of insecticides for w
Page 31 and 32: Progress and challengesin the Bt br
Page 33 and 34: mixtures. One third of farmers were
Page 35 and 36: Table 1. Mortality of lepidopteran
Page 37 and 38: o The Genetics Engineering Approval
Page 39 and 40: AVRDC; A. Rauf of Bogor University
Page 41: SESSION 2Biology, ecology and behav
Page 44 and 45: fields of Thondamuthur village, Coi
Page 46 and 47: Table 2. Morphometrics of C. binota
Page 50 and 51: Natural mortality ofPlutella xylost
Page 52 and 53: (x10 magnification) and excess eggs
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2. Lifetables for insect coh
Page 56 and 57: Diadegma semiclausum is well establ
Page 58 and 59: Diurnal behavior ofnaturally micros
Page 60 and 61: changed after the eggs were counted
Page 62 and 63: Geden, C. J., Long, S. J., Rutz, D.
Page 64 and 65: Scaptomyza flava (GP Walker, unpubl
Page 66 and 67: longer distance migrations into the
Page 68 and 69: FIGURESFigures 1A & B. Mean number
Page 70 and 71: Monitoring of cabbagelooper, Tricho
Page 72 and 73: populations of British Columbia col
Page 75 and 76: Importance ofglucosinolates indeter
Page 77 and 78: the importance of glucosinolates in
Page 79 and 80: Olfactory responses ofPlutella xylo
Page 81 and 82: Figure. 1: Percentage of adult P. x
Page 83 and 84: Moorthy, 1992) have reported that p
Page 85 and 86: P
Page 87 and 88: egg masses and more eggs in total o
Page 89: SESSION 4Biological and non‐chemi
Page 92 and 93: on cabbage cultivation in one seaso
Page 94 and 95: four stages at day 7 post treatment
Page 96 and 97: Table 5. Biological effects of 17 e
Page 98 and 99:
Kelly A Cook. K.a., S.T. Ratcliffe.
Page 100 and 101:
applied only once every three weeks
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South Africa was assigned to supply
Page 104 and 105:
Waladde SM, Leutle MF, Villet MH. 2
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MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study site
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Several studies have demonstrated t
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approach would continue until it ev
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ecorded in Hod 3 (19.1%), followed
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plutellae. Many adults of C. plutel
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litura (SL) which normally live in
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Table 2. Sizes of m-PX and m-SL fro
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helping us with the in vivo study.
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Since temperature is one of the mos
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Figure 4. Effect of different conce
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Predators in early seasonbrassica c
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Table 2. Predators encountered duri
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Table 5. Sticky trap captures for c
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dwelling predators, although it is
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Predators per trap109876543Lycosida
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Mortality was calculated using Abbo
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DBM fed on the leaf discs treated w
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Quality aspects of Bacillusthuringi
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five applications one week apart fo
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Antifeedant effect ofAcorus calamus
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Figure 1. Concentration-antifeedant
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CONCLUSIONA. calamus extracted in f
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of D. grandiflora on the growth kin
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etween antifeedant activity and con
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Table 2. Antifeedant index (AFI) an
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Field evaluation of insectexclusion
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Three main Lepidoptera pests were o
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price (SBD)30.0025.0020.0015.0010.0
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STATISTICAL ANALYSISThe data collec
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Myco-Jaal: a novelformulation of Be
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asexual conidium. The conidia adher
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Table 1. Efficacy of Myco-Jaal on y
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Susceptibility ofdiamondback moth a
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Table 1. Toxicity of Cry1Ac to fiel
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ReferencesAbbott WS. 1925. A method
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76°58′17″E), Tamil Nadu, India
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International Workshop, Talekar NS,
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Table 3. Effect of Neem limonoids o
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Figure 1. Structure of neem limonoi
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catch up with the farming community
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All treatments were imposed by usin
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The above results indicate that the
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A strong negative relationship obse
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ReferencesAnonymous 2000. Package o
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egularly causes epizootics in popul
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treatments. It is evident that DBM
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Table 1. Effects of three aqueous s
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egion (Adams, 1959); it is a native
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Effects of Cry toxins and Bt formul
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Hilbeck A, Baumgartner M, Fried MP,
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Table 3. Effect of Cry 1Ba2 on Cote
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SESSION 5Insecticides and insectici
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time. Within four years of the firs
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Update on DBM diamideresistance fro
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In year 2011, Sai Noi and Tha Muang
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Lahm GP, Cordova D, Barry JD. 2009.
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Fipronil acts by blocking chloride
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Table 2. Slope, LC 50 (ppm) and let
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Figure 2. Lethal dose ratios for fi
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y the inherent lower susceptibility
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Diamondback mothresistance to commo
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of the relative potency of each ins
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Table 3: Susceptibility of six fiel
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Spinetoram, a newspinosyn insectici
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Spinetoram is also highly effective
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Norte del Estado areas of Guanajuat
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Insecticide resistancemanagement: s
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still exist. The second source of i
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they organized the so called “Dia
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Recent developments inmanagement of
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is the reciprocal of the relative p
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developing thresholds for new brass
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Table 3: Spinosad (Success®) and i
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Insecticide sprays are generally ap
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may still benefit from doing so, ir
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generations” to Group 28 insectic
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Management of insecticideresistance
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Stop cultivation of crucifer crops
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252 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Cen
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Impact of reduced-riskinsecticides
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mines) on the 10 plants in each plo
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Table 4. Follow up with growers aft
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Guided by such objective, the Thai
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establishment rapidly achieved by D
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Malaysian Agricultural Research and
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the farmers. We report the developm
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Table 3. Number of DBM larvae in th
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Pest status and damage potentialThe
Page 285 and 286:
Life tableLife table of DBM reveals
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Currentl
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CHEMICAL INSECTICIDESPeter et al. (
Page 291 and 292:
Manjunath TM. 1972. Biological stud
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Armyworm, Spodoptera litura Armywo
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Adoption and perceptionTable 5 show
Page 297 and 298:
Control of brassica pests -an examp
Page 299 and 300:
Table 2. A Comparison of IPM and Pe
Page 301 and 302:
Occurrence and control ofPlutella x
Page 303 and 304:
Apopul at i on dynami c ( l ar va/
Page 305 and 306:
Diadegma semiclausumD. semiclausum,
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Diamondback moth(Plutella xylostell
Page 309:
SESSION 7Genomic and other novel ap
Page 312 and 313:
management (IPM) systems (Shelton e
Page 314 and 315:
Kalra VK, Sharma SS, Chauhan R, Bha
Page 316 and 317:
Table 2. Segregation analysis based
Page 318 and 319:
current paper provides detail on th
Page 320 and 321:
Proteins do not act antagonisticall
Page 322 and 323:
CONCLUSIONThe transformation events
Page 324 and 325:
Enhancement of the sterileinsect te
Page 326 and 327:
optimisation of transformation prot
Page 328 and 329:
Workshop PresidentsDr. Jacqueline d
Page 330 and 331:
Participant e‐mail Organization C
Page 332 and 333:
Author IndexAbuzid, I..............
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