Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect ...

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Studies on the biology andtoxicity of newerinsecticide molecules oncabbagehead caterpillar,Crocidolomia binotalis(Zeller) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) in IndiaKannan, M.ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY, TAMIL NADUAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, COIMBATORE 641 003, INDIAentokan@yahoo.co.inVijayaraghavan, C.ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY, TAMIL NADUAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, COIMBATORE 641 003, INDIAvijayaraghavanento@yahoo.co.inJayaprakash, S.A.Ph.D SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURALENTOMOLOGY, TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,COIMBATORE 641 003, INDIAentojp@gmail.comUthamsamy, S.FORMER PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURALENTOMOLOGY, TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,COIMBATORE 641 003, INDIAuthamasamy@yahoo.comABSTRACTThe biology, morphometrics, growth and developmentand susceptibility of cabbagehead caterpillar,Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) to new moleculeinsecticides were studied in laboratory conditions oncauliflower. The female moths laid their eggs in 7-12masses of 15-80 eggs/mass on the abaxial surface of theleaves with incubation period of 3 days. The first,second, third, fourth and fifth instars of larvae lasted for2.50, 2.50, 2.00, 2.00 and 2.00 days respectively. Theprepupal and pupal periods lasted for 1.00 to 2.00 and6.00 to 8.00 days, respectively. The longevity of maleand female moths after oviposition was 2.50 and 1.50days respectively. The total life cycle of male and femaleon cauliflower lasted for 32.50 and 31.50 days,respectively. The larva consumed on average 3181.21 mgcauliflower leaves during its growth period, of which85.8 per cent was consumed during the last instar.Approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency ofconversion of ingested food (ECI) declined progressivelyto the lowest (14.60 and 9.16%) in the fifth instar,whereas efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)increased to the highest level (62.70%) in the last instar.On the basis of LC50 values, the order of toxicity wasemamectin benzoate > spinosad > indoxacarb >azadirachtin > quinalphos with their corresponding LC50values being 0.0221, 0.0323, 0.0763, 0.1791 and 1.6955ppm, respectively.INTRODUCTIONThe importance of vegetables as protective foods and assuppliers of adequate quantities of vitamins, proteins,carbohydrates and minerals is well known. The per capitaconsumption of vegetables in India is only 135 g,although dieticians recommend 285 g for an adult perday for maintenance of health. The existing area undervegetable cultivation in India is around 6.7 millionhectares with production of about 101.44 million tonnes.Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, is the mostimportant cole vegetable crop grown in tropical andsubtropical regions of India with an area of 2.79 lakhhectares and 44.44 lakh tonnes of production(Weinberger and Srinivasan 2009). Cauliflower remainsa very important crop for smallholder farmers, providingincome and nutrition and enabling small farms to remainfinancially viable, especially in the rapidly growing periurbanfarming sector. Cultivation of cauliflower is alsoassociated with some insect pests. Among the variousinsect pests, the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella(L.) is the most harmful and economically important pestof cauliflower in India. However, the cabbage headcaterpillar, Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) which is the secondary pest of cauliflower,may become serious during the dry season. It also causesconsiderable yield loss to cruciferous crops likecauliflower, cabbage, radish and mustard.The cauliflower leaves are skeletonised by the larvae ofC. binotalis and they remain on the under surface ofleaves in webs. The developed larvae feed on themvoraciously and severe infestation results in entiredefoliation of the plant. The quantitative consumption offood by an insect is the total response to feed as a wholewith its nutrients, water contents and other physical aswell as chemical components. Insect nutritional studiesprovide valuable information on the energy metabolismof biochemical components in insect body, and also cancontribute key points to develop new managementstrategies. A larval density of 2-3 per plant could destroythe primordial tissues in cauliflower and prevent theestablishment of young plants (Nagarkatti and Jayanth1982). Information on the biology, morphometrics,susceptibility to new group of insecticides and quantityof food eaten by C. binotalis on cauliflower in India willbe useful to develop effective pest management strategiesin the future.MATERIALS AND METHODSBiology and morphometrics of C.binotalisThe biology and morphometrics of leaf webber, C.binotalis (Zeller) on cauliflower was studied duringJanuary to March, 2008 in the Department ofAgricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Late instarlarvae of C. binotalis were collected from cauliflowerThe 6th International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests 31
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 3 and 4: PROCEEDINGSThe Sixth International
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsForewordixAcknowle
Page 7 and 8: Myco‐Jaal® - A novel formulation
Page 9 and 10: ForewordVegetable brassicas such as
Page 11: AcknowledgementsThe Sixth Internati
Page 15 and 16: Behavioral and geneticcomponents of
Page 17 and 18: more wandering behavior in the pres
Page 19 and 20: influenced whether larvae remained
Page 21 and 22: CLIMEX calculates a growth index (G
Page 23 and 24: Table 1 (continued)LimitingprocessW
Page 25 and 26: Figure 5. Observed DBM light trap c
Page 27 and 28: Rising to the challenge: anational
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. List of insecticides for w
Page 31 and 32: Progress and challengesin the Bt br
Page 33 and 34: mixtures. One third of farmers were
Page 35 and 36: Table 1. Mortality of lepidopteran
Page 37 and 38: o The Genetics Engineering Approval
Page 39 and 40: AVRDC; A. Rauf of Bogor University
Page 41: SESSION 2Biology, ecology and behav
Page 45 and 46: 0.84, 1.40 and 1.69 mm, respectivel
Page 47 and 48: Figure 1. Biology of Crocidolomia b
Page 49 and 50: Suganyakanna S, Chandrasekaran S, R
Page 51 and 52: esistance in P. xylostella and can
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Mean (±SE) recovery and
Page 55 and 56: Duration of experimentDuration of e
Page 57 and 58: Prasifka JR, Schmidt NP, Kohler KA,
Page 59 and 60: MATERIALS AND METHODSDBM behaviorDB
Page 61 and 62: DBM larvae in the field by DS will
Page 63 and 64: Monitoring ofdiamondback moth in ac
Page 65 and 66: in each crop. Standard errors of we
Page 67 and 68: DairyNZ Ltd, Beef & Lamb New Zealan
Page 69 and 70: Figures 3A, B & C. Mean number of D
Page 71 and 72: Figure 1. Pheromone trap catches (m
Page 73: SESSION 3Insect ‐ plant interacti
Page 76 and 77: glucosinolates and saponins were co
Page 78 and 79: Shelton AM, Badenes-Perez FR. 2006.
Page 80 and 81: Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi (Kltb))Aphi
Page 82 and 83: Host plant selection byCrocidolomia
Page 84 and 85: moths laying an egg mass on each sp
Page 86 and 87: these studies the trap crop was pla
Page 88 and 89: 76 AVRDC - The World Vegetable Cent
Page 91 and 92: Potential ofentomopathogenic fungia
Page 93 and 94:
Plant extractionEssential oils were
Page 95 and 96:
nortriterpene quinone methides (pri
Page 97 and 98:
Table 6. Oviposition inhibitory eff
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Efficacy of Plutellaxylostella para
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on Brassica plants in Europe, and t
Page 103 and 104:
past, it has been shown repeatedly
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Naturally-occurringparasitism ofdia
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Table 1. Parasitoids of P. xylostel
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Diversity and abundanceof diamondba
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(Maerim 1, Hod 1 and Hod 3) where D
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100908070RH (%)Parasitization (%) b
Page 115 and 116:
Species characterizationof microspo
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Table 1. The SSUrRNA sequences of m
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Based on the sampling location, Vai
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Effects of temperature anddifferent
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Table 2. Percentage mortality (accu
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Furlong MJ, Asgari S. 2010. Effects
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Table 1. Commercial brassica planti
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aphids in a density-dependent manne
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Table 7. Pitfall trap captures for
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Predators per plant21.81.61.41.210.
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Mode of action andefficacy of Bioac
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DBM, which was 3.8 times lower than
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Berenbaum, M.R. (1989). North Ameri
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target organisms. The documentation
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Bt products with well recognized br
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the solvents hexane, ,benzene, chlo
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Table 3. Antifeedant effect of Acor
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Antifeedant and toxicityactivities
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xylostella larva (after starvation
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crude extracts of this plant showed
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ReferencesAbdel-Razek AS, Abbas MH,
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Location 2: HendersonThe trial at H
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Another contributing factor to the
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Biological control ofdiamondback mo
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Table 3. Parasitism rate of DBM lar
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the market survey, available biopes
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Efficacy of Myco-Jaal ® against DB
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esistance in field population of di
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against 13 populations from differe
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BolpurWest BengalF 2 0.70 (0.04) 0.
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Toxicity and biologicaleffects of n
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to death of larvae (Nasiruddin and
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Table 1. Antifeedant activity of ne
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Table 4. Effect of neem limonoids o
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Why is a crude extract ofneem super
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II. Field EvaluationExperimental ar
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During the first three days of obse
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Table 2: Different yield parameters
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43.532.521. 51y = 2.1924e -0.0225xR
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Field assessment ofaqueous suspensi
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same conidial rate plus imidaclopri
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Sarfraz, M., Keddie, A.B. and Dosda
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Effects of sub-lethal dosesof Bacil
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Effects of Cry toxins and Bt formul
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good for D. semiclausum in the curr
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Table 1. Effect of Cry 1B toxin fed
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Table 6. Effect of Cry 1Ba2 on Diad
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Update on DBM diamideresistance fro
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Other influencing factorsBased on s
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lepidopteran larvae in crucifers. T
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insecticide have already been exten
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Some Australianpopulations ofdiamon
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Lockyer Valley population; four rep
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Table 4. Slope, LC 50 (ppm) and let
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Figure 5. Per cent mortality of P.
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Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii
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MATERIALS AND METHODSInsecticidesDe
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Table 1: Susceptibility of six fiel
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Table 5: Resistance ratios of delta
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used to find a way to improve on sp
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Trichoplusia ni, and Pieris brassic
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y chemically modifying two naturall
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Figure 1 shows the cabbage growing
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eflected on the pesticide volume im
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Thesis Abstracts in Entomology (197
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spinosad and change to using indoxa
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which provide a potentially large r
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Table 2: Lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate
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Crucifer vegetableinsecticide resis
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new products. For these reasons, th
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Table 1. LC 50 estimates for 14 DBM
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Plutellidae) on broccoli crops. Jou
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Usually insecticide resistance leve
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Wu G, Jiang S, Miyata T. 2004. Effe
Page 265:
SESSION 6Overcoming barriers to dev
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experimental cabbage field was 2781
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Table 2. Mean numbers (±SE) of lar
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Introduction andestablishment ofDia
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Table 2. Area-wide releases of Diad
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unacceptable pesticide residues, an
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Control management ofdiamondback mo
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followed by chlorantraniliprole, to
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Status, damage potentialand managem
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instars (Table 3). The major mortal
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concerned, studies are much limited
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Table 6. Efficacy of botanicals on
Page 290 and 291:
Poor quality seeds and inputsTimely
Page 292 and 293:
Implementation of IPM:experiences w
Page 294 and 295:
Table 2. General practices of farme
Page 296 and 297:
Lim GS. 1982. The biology and effec
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of brassicas because it has develop
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Ongoing research into IPM related i
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Insects: Approximately 400 DBM pupa
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Insecticide resistanceThe resistanc
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Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera :
Page 308 and 309:
three days after each spray applica
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Baseline susceptibility ofdiamondba
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triton X-100. Six larvae were relea
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A B C DFigure 1. Kanamycin sensitiv
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The efficacy andsustainability of t
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Genes for resistance to either prot
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Most cabbage and cauliflower fields
Page 323 and 324:
Table 1. Mean percentage larval sur
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former, sterile males are not distr
Page 327 and 328:
Holbrook, F.R., and Fujimoto, M.S.
Page 329 and 330:
ParticipantsParticipante‐mailOrga
Page 331 and 332:
Participant e‐mail Organization C
Page 333:
Miyata, T. ........................
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