fulltext - DiVA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

90JOHAN SODERSTROMat the low water level and ·some few Chondruscrispus grew in small cavities.In exposed and well insolated places on thesouth-west part of the skerry the Balanus beltreaches from 20 or 30 cm above the low waterlevel to 10 or 20 cm below this level. A very narrowbelt with Chondrus and Pylaiella is here interposedbetween the Balanus belt with N emalion multifidumand Fucus vesiculosus f. compressus and abelt of mixed vegetation containing PolysiphoniaBrodiaei, P. violacea, Ceramium secundatum, C.penicillatum, Pylaiella rupincola and Clwrdariaflagelliformis. From a depth of a bout half a metredownward the vegetation is dominated by Clwrdariaflagelliformis and Polysiphonia Brodiaei.REMARKS ON ZONATION.-Biologists of all timeswhen working on the shore have observed differentbelts. As pointed out by SERNANDER (1917, p. 76),WAHLENBERG in his "Flora Lapponica" (1812)when describing the Atlantic shore of Norway usedthe expression "Supra littora" · to denote the belt(WAHLENBERG's term was ''sedes'') where Lichina,Porphyra and Peivetia grow, and in his "Margosuperior littorum" we recognize a well-known butbroadly apprehended belt with Balanus balanoides,Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucusserratus, Chondrus crispus and Cladophora rupestris.Since WAHLENBERG's time many biologists havedealt with problems concerning the vertical distributionof organisms on the shore and also withthe connected nomenclatural problems. The followinglist, although incomplete, might be of somevalue: FoRBES 1840, 1846 (the littoral zone as thetract between the tidemarks); LoRENZ 1863 (theterm supralittoral); KJELLMAN 1877, 1878 (littoral,sublittoral and elittoral algae); BRENNER 1916(importance of swell and splash as raising the zones);SERNANDER 1917 (epilittoral, supralittoral, littoral,sublittoral; a proposal that these wordsshould be used as nouns); KYLIN 1918 (physiologicalhigh water line); SJOSTEDT 1928 (litus line); 0RTON1929 (splash zone); CoLMAN 1933; KITCHING 1935;LEVRING 1937 (Balanus as indicator of the upperbrder of the littoral); STEPHENSON 1938, 1949(supralittoral, littoral and infralittoral zones); DuRIETZ 1932b, 1940 (geobiontic, geo-amphibiontic,Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50hydro-amphibiontic and hydrobiontic belts), 1947,1950d (the geolittoral and hydrolittoral as replacingthe two amphibiontic belts); FELDMANN 1937, 1959(a proposal that the word belt (Stufe, etage) shouldbe used instead of zone or region).Concerning nomenclature it is to be regrettedthat the most used terms, those containing theword littoral, have been employed in so many differentsenses. A purely biological system like theone proposed by Du RIETZ is to be preferred.Today the majority of marine biologists dividethe shore in three belts, mostly designated by theterms supralittoral, littoral and sublittoral. Recentlythis division has been discussed by LEWIS(1964). LEWIS puts stress on the fact that marineanimals and plants often live high up in the beltusually called the supralittoral. On this ground heextends the littoral up to the top of the LittorinafVerrucaria belt (op. c., p. 204).SERNANDER (1917, p. 89) said, "it is more naturalto deal with the shore together with the vegetationof the water than with the terrestrial vegetation"(original Swedish). But SERNANDER also wrote (op.c., p. 99), "it is, however, a fundamental biologicaldifference between the pure littoral communitiesof algae and the supralittoral: a Prasiola, a Porphyraassociation can endure days, perhaps weeks ofemergence and also complete leaching of the saltthrough precipitation."The geolittoral of Du RIETZ reaches even considerablyhigher, for he also includes the belts soakedonly for short times, e.g. during landward gales,and regularly inhabited by lichens.From the 1950s on Du RIETZ (1950d) uses theterm hydrolittoral as an equivalent to his hydroamphibionticbelt. As the hydrolittoral then isdefined it is the same as the eulittoral in the senseof LEWIS (op. c., p. 205). My observations onSwedish and Irish shores give the impression thatthe eulittoral (hydrolittoral) begins with a transitionalbelt near the low water levels and extendsupward approximately to a level where the maximumtime of emergence begins to exceed, as asuggestion, 24 hours.I have chosen the above examples of algal vegetationin the province of Bohuslan in the hope thatthey might illustrate the natural limit between the
Vertical zonation of littoral algae in Bohusliin 91supralittoral and the eulittoral, as stated by LEWIS,or the geolittoral and hydrolittoral, in Du RIETz'sterms. He took into account the total sequence ofbelts, including both marine algae and marinelichens. Of his three sub-belts of the geolittoral,only the lowermost, that which is characterized byVerrucaria, corresponds to the supralittoral of mostother authors.7-652151 APhS 50Acta Phytogeog.r. Suec. $0
Page 1:
ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICAEDIDIT
Page 4 and 5:
Printed with support fromH. M. King
Page 11 and 12:
TABLE OF CONTENTSREGIONAL SURVEYFea
Page 13 and 14:
REGIONAL SURVEYFeatures of Land and
Page 15 and 16:
Features of land and climate 3Fig.
Page 17:
Features of land and climate 5bould
Page 20 and 21:
8 HUGO SJORSFig. 9. The length of d
Page 22 and 23:
10 HUGO SJORSYearly precipitation i
Page 24 and 25:
12 HUGO SJORSrainfall, and in winte
Page 26 and 27:
Fig. 2. On the lee side of an expos
Page 28 and 29:
16 MATS WJERNmetres below the surfa
Page 30 and 31:
18 MATS WlERNmon in shallow water,
Page 32 and 33:
20 MATS W.LERNthe West Coast is cau
Page 34 and 35:
22 MATS WlERNalways sterile). Ceram
Page 36 and 37:
24 MATS WlERNparticular species of
Page 38 and 39:
26 MATS WlERNRich in species. Scatt
Page 40 and 41:
The Vegetation of Swedish LakesBy G
Page 42 and 43:
30 GUNNAR LOHAMMARby compact underw
Page 44 and 45:
32 GUNNAR LOHAMMARmake up only a sm
Page 46 and 47:
34 GUNN AR LOHAMMARoccur patches of
Page 48 and 49:
36 GUNNAR LOHAMMARFig . 7. Exposed
Page 50 and 51:
38 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. ll. South s
Page 52 and 53: 40 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. 15. Vastann
Page 54 and 55: 42 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. 19. Lake Ta
Page 56 and 57: 44:GUNNAR LOHAMMARLappmark it goes
Page 58 and 59: 46 GUNNAR LOHAMMARice cover. From l
Page 60 and 61: Forest RegionsBy HUGO SJO RSA count
Page 62 and 63: 50HUGO SJORSFig. 2. Biotic zonation
Page 64 and 65: 52 HUGO SJORSFig. 4. Beech forest w
Page 66 and 67: 54 HUGO SJORSFig. 6. Coastal oakwoo
Page 68 and 69: 56HUGO SJORS·the growth of deciduo
Page 70 and 71: 58HUGO SJORSFig. 8 . . vernal hazel
Page 72 and 73: 60 HUGO SJORSthrough basal shoots o
Page 74 and 75: 62 HUGO SJORSdebted to their collea
Page 76 and 77: The Mountain Regions of IJapplandBy
Page 78 and 79: 66 OLOF RUNEplants into low-alpine,
Page 80 and 81: 68 OLOF RUNEFig. 2. Aconitum septen
Page 82 and 83: 70OLOF RUNEoccurrences of even more
Page 84 and 85: 72 OLOF RUNEin flushed sites, e.g.
Page 86 and 87: 74 OLOF RUNEthe low -alpine vegetat
Page 88: 76 OLOF RUNETABLE 1. Upper limits (
Page 95 and 96: Alpine zonation in the southern par
Page 97 and 98: ASPE CTS OF THE SOUTHVertical Zonat
Page 99 and 100: Vertical zonation of littoral algae
Page 101: Vertical zonation of littoral algae
Page 105 and 106: Coastal algae oft Goteborg 93., ,.
Page 107 and 108: ..Coastal algae off Goteborg 95effe
Page 109 and 110: Salt Marsh '' egetation In Southern
Page 111 and 112: Salt marsh vegetation in southern S
Page 117 and 118: Maritime SandsBy BENGT PETTERSSONAl
Page 119 and 120: Maritime sands 107Fig. l. Recently
Page 121 and 122: Maritime sands 109Fig. 3. The same
Page 123 and 124: Vegetation of Coastal BohusHinBy H.
Page 125 and 126: Vegetation of coastal Bohuslan 113F
Page 127 and 128: Vegetation of coastal Bohusliin 115
Page 131 and 132: also on a substratum lacking shells
Page 135 and 136: The South-Western Dwarf Shrub Heath
Page 137 and 138: The south-western dwarf shrub heath
Page 139 and 140: The south-western dwarf shrub heath
Page 141 and 142: to the Myrica- Cyperaceae fen in AL
Page 143 and 144: Gotland and OlandTwo Limestone Isla
Page 145 and 146: Gotland and Oland. Two limestone is
Page 153 and 154:
Woods on the Isle of JungfrunBy IVA
Page 155 and 156:
Woods on the Isle of Jungfrun 143br
Page 157 and 158:
EINAR Du RIETZ took an active part
Page 159 and 160:
The growth on rock 147Fig. 4. Antit
Page 161 and 162:
The Southern MiresBy NILS MALMERInt
Page 163 and 164:
The southern mires 151Fig. 2. Woode
Page 165 and 166:
The southern mires 153Fig. 4. Poor
Page 167 and 168:
The southern mires 155In addition,
Page 169 and 170:
the water below the surface is poor
Page 171 and 172:
Micro-Vegetation of a MireBy TOM FL
Page 173 and 174:
Stipa pennata and its Companions In
Page 175 and 176:
Stipa pennata and its companions in
Page 177 and 178:
Stipa pennata and its companions in
Page 179 and 180:
ASPECTS OF THE NORTHThe BorderlandB
Page 181 and 182:
The Borderland169'Fig. 2. The same
Page 183 and 184:
The marked closeness of the iso-lin
Page 185 and 186:
The Borderland 173level, much of th
Page 187 and 188:
The Borderland 175Fig. 4. The Nitte
Page 189 and 190:
Glimpses of the Bothnian coast 177d
Page 191 and 192:
Glimpses of the Bothnian coast . 17
Page 193 and 194:
Regional ecology of mire sites and
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Algfloarna, a mixed mire complex in
Page 203 and 204:
Algjloarna, a mixed mire complex in
Page 205 and 206:
Calcareous fens in J iimtland193CAL
Page 207 and 208:
Calcareous fens in Jamtland 195Fig.
Page 209 and 210:
Calcareous fens in J iimtland 197FE
Page 211 and 212:
The major rivers of Northern Sweden
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
The North-East CornerBy ERIK JULIN
Page 219 and 220:
Terrestrial vegetation and flora 20
Page 221 and 222:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 209SPON
Page 223 and 224:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 211Fig.
Page 225 and 226:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 213Fig.
Page 227 and 228:
Lappland East of the MountainsBy JI
Page 229 and 230:
South-facing hills and mountains 21
Page 231 and 232:
Vegetation and flora of alpine outl
Page 233 and 234:
Regional aspects on the flora 221Fi
Page 235 and 236:
Regional aspects on the flora 223Fi
Page 237 and 238:
Regional a.spects on the flora 225O
Page 239 and 240:
Cultural influence on the flora 227
Page 241 and 242:
Notes on the vegetation of lakes in
Page 243 and 244:
Notes on the vegetation of lakes in
Page 245 and 246:
Lost and Living Lakes In the Upper
Page 247 and 248:
Lost and living lakes in the upper
Page 249 and 250:
P:....,.>::."tl;:3"..,.cc-'!lJ'.J-,
Page 251 and 252:
Lost and living lakes in the upper
Page 253 and 254:
Subalpine tall herb vegetation, sit
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Mountain MiresBy AKE PERSSON1 ntrod
Page 263 and 264:
Mountain mires 251Fig. I. Part of a
Page 265 and 266:
Mountain mires 253Fig. 3. Carex jun
Page 267 and 268:
Mountain mires 255Spring vegetation
Page 269 and 270:
Plant Cover of the Alpine RegionsBy
Page 271 and 272:
low-alpine belt most of the other s
Page 273 and 274:
Ohionophobous plant communities 261
Page 275 and 276:
Ohionophilous plant communities . 2
Page 277 and 278:
Ohionophilous plant communities 265
Page 279 and 280:
The high-alpine region 267as a pred
Page 281 and 282:
PAST AND PRES ENTThe Late-Quaternar
Page 283 and 284:
The Late-Quaternary vegetation of S
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Reindeer Grazing ProblemsBy ELIEL S
Page 295 and 296:
Reindeer grazing problems 283Fig. 2
Page 297 and 298:
Botanical Indications of Air Pollut
Page 299 and 300:
Botanical indications of air pollut
Page 301 and 302:
Recent changes in flora and vegetat
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
BibliographyBy AK E SJODINThe year
Page 309 and 310:
Bibliography 297Torfmooren. Diss. -
Page 311 and 312:
Bibliography 2991934, Jungfrun. - S
Page 313 and 314:
Bibliography 301(Das Gebiet des Ben
Page 315 and 316:
Bibliography 303Humiditat des Klima
Page 317 and 318:
Bibliography 305- 1960, Bidrag till
Page 319 and 320:
Bibliogmphy 307land. ("Uber die Gef
Page 321 and 322:
Bibliography 3091958, Dynamik och k
Page 323 and 324:
Bibliography 311- 1926, Stockholms
Page 325 and 326:
Bibliography 313- Verh. Int. Verein
Page 327 and 328:
SVENSI
Page 332:
Pris 72 kronor Printed in Sweden 19
show all

fulltext - DiVA

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?