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142 IV AR OTTOSSONFig. I. An old Quercus robur with many dead trunks thatlie on the stony ground. In the background Pinus silvestris.South part of Jungfrun. Nov. 28, 1958. Photo I. Ottosson.October the colour changes, and the foliage of Acer,Populus, and Tilia appears like scarlet and yellowspots among the still green oaks.The field layer in these woods is often very sparse.Between the big boulders there is in general onlya lot of dead leaves. However, especially near thesouth end of the island, up to about 20 m abovesea level, where the ground is covered with smallerboulders, herbs and grasses are more common. Thefollowing are the most frequent species: Anemonehepatica, A. nemorosa, Ranunculus ficaria, M elampyrumpratense, Scrophularia nodosa, Cardaminebulbifera, Veronica officinalis, V. chamaedrys, Polygonatumodoratum, Sedum telephium, Cynanchumvincetoxicum, Lathyrus niger, Milium effusum, Melicauniflora. Rather many shrubs of Lonicera xylosteumand Ribes alpinum are found. In a fewrelativly shady and moist places Linnaea borealisgrows.On the rocky grounds that are not covered withboulders, Pinus silvestris dominates and forms thinwoods. The trees are rooted in depressions andcrevices, where soil has gathered. Many of thepines are more or less procumbent or have the topdead and long branches at the base. However, inlee in the south part many imposing pines growwith a trunk diameter of about 30-70 cm. Aroundthe pines Calluna is frequent forming small heaths,and besides wide shrubs of J uniperus communisoccur. In shadier places V accinium myrtillus andV. vitis-idaea grow.On the north slope the spruce (Picea abies) israther frequent. Due to the hard winds from thenorth the spruces have very thin crowns with theFig. 2. A part of the wood on thesouth half of Jungfrun. Quercus1·obur, Q. petraea, Pinus silvestris,Ace·r platanoides, Populus tremula,Tilia cordata, in the foregroundBetula pubescens. Photograph froma place 70 m above sea level; inthe background the Kalmarsund.Oct. 6, 1958. Photo I. Ottosson.Acta Phyto[ieog?·. Succ. 50