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290 BENGT PETTERSSONFig. 2. The edge of a grove predominantly of Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides and Corylus avellana, formerly a woodedpasture, at present a completely closed wood. Note the solitary occurrence of spruce which is unable to invade the deciduouswood when it is fully closed. In the formerly open space young stands of Betula verrucosa and Populus tremulaappear. North-east SmaJand, on the coast, Loftahammar, Bjursund. Sept. 27, 1964. Photo Bengt Pettersson.vegetation occupying both dry and wet ground(cf. SANDBERG 1948, pp. 193-197). Nearly all ofit has now disappeared and the flora and vegetationof the areas formerly occupied by meadows havebecome impoverished. The meadow flora is nowfound in fragments together with recent invadersalong roads and fields (cf. RYBERG 1956), but theoriginal appearance has almost vanished.Fig. 3. The interior of the groveon Fig. 2. Old lime trees andmaples together with hazel. Thefield layer is sparse, mainly composedof Poa compressa, Anemonenemorosa, M elica unijlora, anda few other species. Sept. 27, 1964.Photo Bengt Pettersson.Acta Phytogeogr. Sttec. 50