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34 GUNN AR LOHAMMARoccur patches of small plants like Ranunculusreptans, Eleocharis acicularis and Subularia aquaticaand scattered lsoetes echinospora. They all go downto a depth of one or two metres, frequently growingbetween other plants. White and yellow waterliliesadorn the shallow bays together with standsof Potamogeton natans, Sparganium Friesii, S. angustifoliumor their hybrid, generally at a depth ofbetween one and two metres.Mats of isoetids may be. said to be the mostcharacteristic plant communities of the oligotrophiclakes. The main constituent is generallylsoetes lacustris often mixed with Lobelia dortmannaand Litorella uniflora. These mats may cover largeparts of the bottom but this must not be too looseand has to contain a good deal of minerogenousmaterial, mainly the fractions from sand to gravel.In the Olsnas bay of Lake Siljan in Dalarnalsoetes lacustris was observed covering one or twosq. km down to a depth of three to four metres.Clumps of M yriophyllum alterniflorum and Ranunculuspeltatus grow in gaps in the isoetid mat. Asparse vegetation of submerged bryophytes oftenoccurs within the deeper parts of the isoetid vegetationand below its outer fringe. Limonite frequentlycovers the bottom, with a maximum at aslightly greater depth.In some of the smaller North Swedish lakes nearlycompact blankets of moss (Drepanocladus, Scorpidium,Oalliergon) occur at depths between oneand two metres over considerable surfaces. Only inpatches are the vascular aquatics able to breakthrough.N itella opaca is common and may descend togreat depths in the large transparent North Swedishlakes, for instance down to 10 m in Lake Tornetrask.. The many lakes with muddy bottoms-frequentlysurrounded by quagmire-are unsuitable ·to the isoetids and in consequence are very poor inspecies.Oligotrophic brooks have generally stony bottomscovered by mosses, hepatics and algae butsome parts may have a growth of long-shoot plantslike J uncus bulbosus and, mainly in the south-west,Potamogeton polygonifolius..Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50CALCAREOUS LAKES.-Most of the shallow lakeson Gotland and Oland have been drained. Theyhad enormous stands of Oladium mariscus, outsideof which there was practically no other growththan species of Ohara, incrusted by lime, andcertain cyanophytes (cf. Fig. 18). The Ohara lakesof Skane have been destroyed in various ways andnowadays probably none remain. In Vastergotlandand Ostergotland they occur only sparsely but morefrequently in the north-eastern coastal parts ofUppland where they are often framed by stands ofTypha angustifolia of a strikingly narrow-leavedtype. Small Ohara tarns occur at Rattvik withinthe Cambro-Silurian of Dalarna and in CentralJamtland likewise on Cambro-Silurian rock. TheOhara tarn near Abisko with its occurrence of Oharaintermedia has been previously mentioned. The environmentalrequirements of Swedish charophyteshave been studied by FoRSBERG 1965.WATER LEVEL CHANGE AND WATER VEGETATION.-The water level change varies considerably indifferent lakes. Source-lakes can have a small amplitudestaying under half a metre. The largestchanges-some metres-occur in the river lakesbelow the source-lakes. The magnitude of thechanges have a ]arge influence on the vegetationof the waters as well as on the periodically floodedadjacent land-areas.Lakes with a small water amplitude often havelarge stands of Menyanthes, Oarex rostrata andCicuta on the shores (cf. Fig. 9, 10), which do notoccur in well-defined river lakes. The same is truefor Galla (cf. Fig. 4). Phragmites, Scirpus lacustrisand the nymphaeids Nuphar, Nymphaea and Potamogetonnatans are often lacking or occuring verysparsely in the river lakes, whereas they formfine stands in nearby lakes which have smallerwater amplitudes. In the next section a specificaspect of the same factor is considered.RIVERSIDE LAGOONS.-Along the large riversthere are many lagoons and bays with shallowlittoral and sub-littoral areas made up by finegrainedsedimentary material. On the off-shore sideof the littoral Oarex vegetation there is often agrowth containing quite a collection of dwarfish
The vegetation of Swedish lakes 35Fig. 5. Eastern shore of Lake Kaitasjarvi,Torne Lappmark, 25 kmNW of the town of Kiruna; lat.68°; alt. about 430 m; area 4 sq.km. The annual water-level changeis rather small. The shore looksoligotrophic, with sparse Menyanthesand Oarex rostrata; howeverPotamogeton perfoliatus occursabundantly in the lake and Myriophyllumspicatum is found in a bay.Twenty species of vascular aquaticswere observed. Aug. 19, 1961.Photo G. Lohammar.Fig. 6. An extensive stand of Nymphaeacandida at the northern endof Lake Kaymajarvi, Norrbotten,105 km ENE of Gallivare; lat. 67°20'; alt. 209 m; area about 0.5 sq.km. The annual water-level changeseems to be rather small. The lake-situated 94 km north of theArctic Circle-has a very richvegetation. Oemtophyllum demersumoccurs abundantly and is evenfertile. Other eutrophic speciesfound include Potamogeton obtusifoliusand Myriophyllum spicatum.Nineteen vascular aquatic specieswere noted. July 26, 1963. PhotoG. Lohammar ..3-652151 APhS 50.A cta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50
Page 1: ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICAEDIDIT
Page 4 and 5: Printed with support fromH. M. King
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTSREGIONAL SURVEYFea
Page 13 and 14: REGIONAL SURVEYFeatures of Land and
Page 15 and 16: Features of land and climate 3Fig.
Page 17: Features of land and climate 5bould
Page 20 and 21: 8 HUGO SJORSFig. 9. The length of d
Page 22 and 23: 10 HUGO SJORSYearly precipitation i
Page 24 and 25: 12 HUGO SJORSrainfall, and in winte
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 2. On the lee side of an expos
Page 28 and 29: 16 MATS WJERNmetres below the surfa
Page 30 and 31: 18 MATS WlERNmon in shallow water,
Page 32 and 33: 20 MATS W.LERNthe West Coast is cau
Page 34 and 35: 22 MATS WlERNalways sterile). Ceram
Page 36 and 37: 24 MATS WlERNparticular species of
Page 38 and 39: 26 MATS WlERNRich in species. Scatt
Page 40 and 41: The Vegetation of Swedish LakesBy G
Page 42 and 43: 30 GUNNAR LOHAMMARby compact underw
Page 44 and 45: 32 GUNNAR LOHAMMARmake up only a sm
Page 48 and 49: 36 GUNNAR LOHAMMARFig . 7. Exposed
Page 50 and 51: 38 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. ll. South s
Page 52 and 53: 40 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. 15. Vastann
Page 54 and 55: 42 GUNN AR LOHAMMARFig. 19. Lake Ta
Page 56 and 57: 44:GUNNAR LOHAMMARLappmark it goes
Page 58 and 59: 46 GUNNAR LOHAMMARice cover. From l
Page 60 and 61: Forest RegionsBy HUGO SJO RSA count
Page 62 and 63: 50HUGO SJORSFig. 2. Biotic zonation
Page 64 and 65: 52 HUGO SJORSFig. 4. Beech forest w
Page 66 and 67: 54 HUGO SJORSFig. 6. Coastal oakwoo
Page 68 and 69: 56HUGO SJORS·the growth of deciduo
Page 70 and 71: 58HUGO SJORSFig. 8 . . vernal hazel
Page 72 and 73: 60 HUGO SJORSthrough basal shoots o
Page 74 and 75: 62 HUGO SJORSdebted to their collea
Page 76 and 77: The Mountain Regions of IJapplandBy
Page 78 and 79: 66 OLOF RUNEplants into low-alpine,
Page 80 and 81: 68 OLOF RUNEFig. 2. Aconitum septen
Page 82 and 83: 70OLOF RUNEoccurrences of even more
Page 84 and 85: 72 OLOF RUNEin flushed sites, e.g.
Page 86 and 87: 74 OLOF RUNEthe low -alpine vegetat
Page 88: 76 OLOF RUNETABLE 1. Upper limits (
Page 95 and 96: Alpine zonation in the southern par
Page 97 and 98:
ASPE CTS OF THE SOUTHVertical Zonat
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Vertical zonation of littoral algae
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Coastal algae oft Goteborg 93., ,.
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..Coastal algae off Goteborg 95effe
Page 109 and 110:
Salt Marsh '' egetation In Southern
Page 111 and 112:
Salt marsh vegetation in southern S
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Maritime SandsBy BENGT PETTERSSONAl
Page 119 and 120:
Maritime sands 107Fig. l. Recently
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Maritime sands 109Fig. 3. The same
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Vegetation of Coastal BohusHinBy H.
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Vegetation of coastal Bohuslan 113F
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Vegetation of coastal Bohusliin 115
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also on a substratum lacking shells
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The South-Western Dwarf Shrub Heath
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The south-western dwarf shrub heath
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The south-western dwarf shrub heath
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to the Myrica- Cyperaceae fen in AL
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Gotland and OlandTwo Limestone Isla
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Gotland and Oland. Two limestone is
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Woods on the Isle of JungfrunBy IVA
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Woods on the Isle of Jungfrun 143br
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EINAR Du RIETZ took an active part
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The growth on rock 147Fig. 4. Antit
Page 161 and 162:
The Southern MiresBy NILS MALMERInt
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The southern mires 151Fig. 2. Woode
Page 165 and 166:
The southern mires 153Fig. 4. Poor
Page 167 and 168:
The southern mires 155In addition,
Page 169 and 170:
the water below the surface is poor
Page 171 and 172:
Micro-Vegetation of a MireBy TOM FL
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Stipa pennata and its Companions In
Page 175 and 176:
Stipa pennata and its companions in
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Stipa pennata and its companions in
Page 179 and 180:
ASPECTS OF THE NORTHThe BorderlandB
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The Borderland169'Fig. 2. The same
Page 183 and 184:
The marked closeness of the iso-lin
Page 185 and 186:
The Borderland 173level, much of th
Page 187 and 188:
The Borderland 175Fig. 4. The Nitte
Page 189 and 190:
Glimpses of the Bothnian coast 177d
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Glimpses of the Bothnian coast . 17
Page 193 and 194:
Regional ecology of mire sites and
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Algfloarna, a mixed mire complex in
Page 203 and 204:
Algjloarna, a mixed mire complex in
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Calcareous fens in J iimtland193CAL
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Calcareous fens in Jamtland 195Fig.
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Calcareous fens in J iimtland 197FE
Page 211 and 212:
The major rivers of Northern Sweden
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
The North-East CornerBy ERIK JULIN
Page 219 and 220:
Terrestrial vegetation and flora 20
Page 221 and 222:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 209SPON
Page 223 and 224:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 211Fig.
Page 225 and 226:
Notes on aquatic vegetation 213Fig.
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Lappland East of the MountainsBy JI
Page 229 and 230:
South-facing hills and mountains 21
Page 231 and 232:
Vegetation and flora of alpine outl
Page 233 and 234:
Regional aspects on the flora 221Fi
Page 235 and 236:
Regional aspects on the flora 223Fi
Page 237 and 238:
Regional a.spects on the flora 225O
Page 239 and 240:
Cultural influence on the flora 227
Page 241 and 242:
Notes on the vegetation of lakes in
Page 243 and 244:
Notes on the vegetation of lakes in
Page 245 and 246:
Lost and Living Lakes In the Upper
Page 247 and 248:
Lost and living lakes in the upper
Page 249 and 250:
P:....,.>::."tl;:3"..,.cc-'!lJ'.J-,
Page 251 and 252:
Lost and living lakes in the upper
Page 253 and 254:
Subalpine tall herb vegetation, sit
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Mountain MiresBy AKE PERSSON1 ntrod
Page 263 and 264:
Mountain mires 251Fig. I. Part of a
Page 265 and 266:
Mountain mires 253Fig. 3. Carex jun
Page 267 and 268:
Mountain mires 255Spring vegetation
Page 269 and 270:
Plant Cover of the Alpine RegionsBy
Page 271 and 272:
low-alpine belt most of the other s
Page 273 and 274:
Ohionophobous plant communities 261
Page 275 and 276:
Ohionophilous plant communities . 2
Page 277 and 278:
Ohionophilous plant communities 265
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The high-alpine region 267as a pred
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PAST AND PRES ENTThe Late-Quaternar
Page 283 and 284:
The Late-Quaternary vegetation of S
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Reindeer Grazing ProblemsBy ELIEL S
Page 295 and 296:
Reindeer grazing problems 283Fig. 2
Page 297 and 298:
Botanical Indications of Air Pollut
Page 299 and 300:
Botanical indications of air pollut
Page 301 and 302:
Recent changes in flora and vegetat
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
BibliographyBy AK E SJODINThe year
Page 309 and 310:
Bibliography 297Torfmooren. Diss. -
Page 311 and 312:
Bibliography 2991934, Jungfrun. - S
Page 313 and 314:
Bibliography 301(Das Gebiet des Ben
Page 315 and 316:
Bibliography 303Humiditat des Klima
Page 317 and 318:
Bibliography 305- 1960, Bidrag till
Page 319 and 320:
Bibliogmphy 307land. ("Uber die Gef
Page 321 and 322:
Bibliography 3091958, Dynamik och k
Page 323 and 324:
Bibliography 311- 1926, Stockholms
Page 325 and 326:
Bibliography 313- Verh. Int. Verein
Page 327 and 328:
SVENSI
Page 332:
Pris 72 kronor Printed in Sweden 19
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