Securing Biodiversity in Breckland - European Commission

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IntensityFrequencyTechniqueInfrequent Intermittent Frequent Annual Continuousevery 10 - 60 years every 3-4 -(9) years every 2-3 years every yeartrampling, wheelings - - - -Discing, scarifying,forage harvest scuffs,rabbit scrapesrabbit burrow aprons,track marginsrotovation Thymus serpyllum ?ploughing- Astragalus danicus, Veronicaspicata, Thymus serpyllum,Clinopodium acinos-Pastinaca sativa, DaucuscarotaHypera pastinacae -weevil(Daucus carota)Silene otites, Muscariatlanticum, ClinopdiumacinosHadena irregularis – moth(Silene otites), Emmeliatrabealis – moth(Convolvulus arvensis)Ceutorhynchusgeographics -weevil (Echiumvulgaris)Arabis glabraNeofriseria singular –moth(Rumex acetosella)Scleranthus perennisssp prostrates. Harpalusfroelichii – ground beetle(Chenopodium album)Arenocoriswaltlii – truebug (Erodiumcicutarium)Gronopslunatus -weevil(Spergulariaspp.)Fumaria parviflora, Veronica triphylos?,Veronica verna?, Veronica praecox?,Alysum alysoides?Psylliodes sophiae - flea beetle(Descurania sophia)CrassulatilleaTrifolium scabrum, Trifoliumglomeratum, Medicago minima,Minuartia hybridSpergularia arvensis,Filago lutescens, Filagogalica, MedicagominimaFumaria parviflora,Veronica triphylos,Veronica verna,Veronica praecox,Silene conica, HerniaraglabraStenocarus fuliginosusweevil(Papaver spp.)--turf stripping + spoilheapsClinopodium acinosBuelia asterela &Squamarina lenitigera -lichensEurhynchium pulchellum -moss-Harpalus froelichii – ground beetle(Chenopodium album)- -pits, exposures, bankcreationPetorhagia prolifera,Artemisia campestris, Galiumparisense?, Silene otitesLoxostege sticticalis – moth(Artemisia campestris)- - -building sites, gravelworkings- - - -Table 21. Species benefitting from the range of actions indicated in Table 20. Unless otherwise indicated, species are flowering plants. For listedinvertebrate species with a known foodplant, this species is given in brackets158
Complex Sward MosaicsComplex sward structures of tussocks amidst open bare ground or closely cropped turf are a keyrequirement of many species, for example for moths or other invertebrates with complex life historyrequirements for basking, oviposition or feeding sites, shelter and aestivation or hibernation sites.The BAP moth, the Lunar yellow underwing Noctua orbona may be an exemplar or umbrella speciesfor this assemblage.Providing such complex sward mosaics is not straightforward and is hard to achieve by a staticapproach to management. Changing patterns of grazing, with intensity varying spatially and ortemporally, together with physical disturbance in some situations, is the most likely way to generatesuch structured sward mosaics. An ideal could be the creation of extensive grazing systems, includinga mix of livestock (e.g. sheep, cattle, and small numbers of horses) at a landscape scale so that thefree-ranging movements of animals and their responses to shelter, vegetation fertility and water,would create patterns of spatially varying grazing intensity. However, for most sites this is clearly notfeasible without ambitious and expensive habitat recreation, buffering and consolidation of sitenetworks. This therefore is not an appropriate recommendation in the short or medium term.More practicable options that have been discussed with or proposed by site managers include: The ebb and flow of gradients of grazing, that occur as rabbit populations fluctuate and theirterritory expands and recedes. This may result in incursion of new grazing and burrowingactivity into recently ungrazed longer tussocky swards, and later the abandonment of shortgrazed turf and the development of discrete tussocks among open conditions. However, thedeliberately reduction from a high density rabbit population has inherent risks, as subsequentrecovery of rabbit populations from a low point is notoriously difficult, particularly as lowdensity populations are susceptible to being limited by predators such as fox Vulpes vulpes.Therefore, we recommend that site managers should encourage rabbits but not be tooconcerned where rabbit numbers decline, provided rabbits recover within a reasonable time(e.g. 3-5 years).Other possibilities proposed in consultation include: The possibility of mobile or electric fencing to intensively graze compartments for a numberof years followed by a year of relaxation from grazing. This may be possible to achieve byrotation within larger contiguous sites. Erection of blind fences and partial barriers extending part way across a site, so that stockmovement is funnelled in areas prone to erosion, creating bare and trampled ground, whilegrazing pressure is simultaneously reduced in corners and peripheral areas due to thedynamics of stock movement and congregation.159
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Securing Biodiversityin BrecklandGu
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Commissioning GroupNeil Featherston
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Wind-blown sand guild .............
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milder winters and increased winter
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Creating broad ruderal and disturbe
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Introduction“Few of the lowland d
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Inland DunesThe 1km wide dune and b
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Following the Black Death of the mi
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The area of grass-heath declined by
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PingosPingos are ground water fed p
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Breckland Conservation and the Need
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SSSI. The Breckland Forest SSSI cit
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The Breckland Biodiversity Audit ha
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The Breckland bio-geographic region
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polygons of alternating calcareous
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quality calcareous fen communities
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Figure 2. The extent of Breckland,
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Table 3. Grass-heath vegetation in
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The Conservation Resource: Designat
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All other SSSIs are less than 600 h
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GrasslandHeathWoodlandWetlandFlowin
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Calcicolous grasslandsShingle, stra
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Figure 4. Location of designated si
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Figure 6. Location of Plantlife’s
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Figure 7. Locations of stations in
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Scheme for Stilt & Stalk Flies, Dra
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Table 6. Rare vascular plant specie
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Recommendation BTO be commissioned
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Table 7. Species for which records
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Table 8. Descriptions of Red Data B
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If the sub-species was designated b
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Collating and Synthesising Species
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Table 11. Published, documentary an
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Baron de Worms, C.G.M. (1953) Colle
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Guild AnalysisA number of habitat a
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The specific questions for the work
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Findings of the Breckland Biodivers
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Recording Effort and CoverageThere
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Butterfly Conservation (Suffolk) 17
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Norfolk Biodiversity InformationSer
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Figure 11. Number of taxonomic grou
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difference is partly attributable t
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There were Breckland specialist spe
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Figure 13. Proportion of Breckland
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Distribution of Breckland Conservat
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Figure 15. Number of Breckland cons
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Evidence of Climatic Change: Long-T
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Figure 17. Total seasonal precipita
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Biodiversity Implications of the Ch
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Ariel depositions to agricultural s
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the status of Deschampsia flexuosa.
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The relative effects of ploughing,
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Trends in Species Status: Extinctio
Page 107 and 108: HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraCo
Page 109 and 110: In addition to the loss of rare lic
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Page 113 and 114: The relative extent of lichen rich
Page 115 and 116: The Feasibility and Usefulness of t
Page 117 and 118: Across patch arrangementLandscape c
Page 119 and 120: Across patcharrangementJuxtapositio
Page 121 and 122: Delivery of Multiple Species by Int
Page 123 and 124: Figure 24. Number of Breckland cons
Page 125 and 126: Mechanical disturbance to create br
Page 129 and 130: estricted to road verges, with the
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Page 133 and 134: Records of species from this guild
Page 135 and 136: © Jeremy Earlywww.natureconservati
Page 139 and 140: Open with sward mosaics guildChryso
Page 141 and 142: Grazing without physical disturbanc
Page 143 and 144: Deadwood in an open-woodland ecoton
Page 145 and 146: Specific Requirement in a Variety o
Page 147 and 148: Management to Sustain Dry Terrestri
Page 149 and 150: Heather should rather be considered
Page 151 and 152: GrazingrequirementsLightly sheep-gr
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Page 155 and 156: Wind-blown sandThere is great uncer
Page 157: IntensityProcess Technique Immediat
Page 161 and 162: Management for Assemblages of Light
Page 163 and 164: Management for Species of Physicall
Page 165 and 166: Key Recommendations for Cultivated
Page 167 and 168: Shallow cultivation is preferable t
Page 169 and 170: Maidscross Hill is largely overgrow
Page 171 and 172: Ecological Requirements of Wetland
Page 173 and 174: numbers of conservation priority sp
Page 175 and 176: Recommendation Requirements of wetl
Page 179 and 180: Restored pingo complexAt Great Hock
Page 183 and 184: the difficulties of achieving this
Page 185 and 186: Strategic Challenges to Biodiversit
Page 187 and 188: Table 22. Problems arising from poo
Page 189 and 190: Recommendation: Natural England and
Page 191 and 192: It is therefore vital to carefully
Page 193 and 194: Creating networks for resilienceTo
Page 195 and 196: More ambitious possibilities that c
Page 197 and 198: Figure 34. Example of a potential c
Page 199 and 200: Connectivity networks© Neal Armour
Page 201 and 202: and consider whether these repeated
Page 203 and 204: Ensure that scrub removal, ploughin
Page 205 and 206: ReferencesADAS. (1997) Biological M
Page 207 and 208: Haes, E. C. M. & Harding, P. T. (19
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Sastre, B.(2003). Ground spider com
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Securing Biodiversity in Breckland - European Commission

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