Securing Biodiversity in Breckland - European Commission

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Figure 16. Number of Breckland specialist species (including those with a primarily coastal distribution)recorded subsequent to 1980 in each of the 1 km squares within the Breckland region. Data is plotted asinverse distance weighted, where the value of each point is influenced by its neighbours, with the weightof that influence inversely weighted with distance.92
Evidence of Climatic Change: Long-Term Trends in WeatherRainfallSince 1905, Breckland has become wetter. Total rainfall in each of winter, spring and autumnincreased significantly between 1905 and 2007 (Table 17). The biggest seasonal increase was forwinter rainfall that rose by 21.2 mm (0.206 mm yr -1 ± 0.127 SE); 14.6 % relative to the winter meanover this time period. In contrast, the total rainfall recorded in summer showed no long term trendover this period (Figure 15).The number of extreme rainfall events increased significantly for all seasons between 1905 and2007 (Table 17). However, there were no changes in the number of extreme drought events perseason.TemperatureIn Breckland the weather, in terms of temperature, has become less continental, with milderwinters, milder nights in spring and summer and fewer frosts. Mean daily minimum airtemperatures were lower in the mid twentieth century in all four seasons than in recent decadesand increased significantly from 1949 to 2008, for all four seasons (Table 17, Figure 16). Duringwinter, the increase in mean daily minimum temperature between 1949 and 2008 was 2.4 °C (0.04°C yr -1 ± 0.009 SE), a substantial change compared to a long term winter mean minimum of 0°C. Forspring, daily minima increased substantially, by 1.7 °C compared to a long term mean of 2.8 °C (anincrease of 61%).Air frost became significantly less frequent in both spring and winter between 1949 and 2008 (Table17). Daily minimum air temperatures and number of air frosts are conservative estimates of theactual degree of frost stress for plants and invertebrates. Minimum air temperatures presentedhere are much higher than the minimum grass temperatures recorded; for example the averageminimum air temperature for December 2007 was 1.16°C, however the average minimum grasstemperature for the month was -2.35°C. The mean daily maximum temperature in winter andspring increased significantly between 1949 and 2008; for winter the temperature change issubstantial, 1.9 °C compared to a long term mean of only 7.2 °C (26%). However, mean dailymaxima during summer and autumn have not changed; since 1949 Breckland has not becomehotter.93
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Securing Biodiversityin BrecklandGu
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Commissioning GroupNeil Featherston
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Wind-blown sand guild .............
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milder winters and increased winter
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Creating broad ruderal and disturbe
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Introduction“Few of the lowland d
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Inland DunesThe 1km wide dune and b
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Following the Black Death of the mi
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The area of grass-heath declined by
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PingosPingos are ground water fed p
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Breckland Conservation and the Need
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SSSI. The Breckland Forest SSSI cit
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The Breckland Biodiversity Audit ha
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The Breckland bio-geographic region
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polygons of alternating calcareous
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quality calcareous fen communities
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Figure 2. The extent of Breckland,
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Table 3. Grass-heath vegetation in
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The Conservation Resource: Designat
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All other SSSIs are less than 600 h
Page 41 and 42: GrasslandHeathWoodlandWetlandFlowin
Page 43 and 44: Calcicolous grasslandsShingle, stra
Page 45 and 46: Figure 4. Location of designated si
Page 47 and 48: Figure 6. Location of Plantlife’s
Page 49 and 50: Figure 7. Locations of stations in
Page 51 and 52: Scheme for Stilt & Stalk Flies, Dra
Page 53 and 54: Table 6. Rare vascular plant specie
Page 55 and 56: Recommendation BTO be commissioned
Page 57 and 58: Table 7. Species for which records
Page 59 and 60: Table 8. Descriptions of Red Data B
Page 61 and 62: If the sub-species was designated b
Page 63 and 64: Collating and Synthesising Species
Page 65 and 66: Table 11. Published, documentary an
Page 67 and 68: Baron de Worms, C.G.M. (1953) Colle
Page 69 and 70: Guild AnalysisA number of habitat a
Page 71 and 72: The specific questions for the work
Page 73 and 74: Findings of the Breckland Biodivers
Page 75 and 76: Recording Effort and CoverageThere
Page 77 and 78: Butterfly Conservation (Suffolk) 17
Page 79 and 80: Norfolk Biodiversity InformationSer
Page 81 and 82: Figure 11. Number of taxonomic grou
Page 83 and 84: difference is partly attributable t
Page 85 and 86: There were Breckland specialist spe
Page 87 and 88: Figure 13. Proportion of Breckland
Page 89 and 90: Distribution of Breckland Conservat
Page 91: Figure 15. Number of Breckland cons
Page 95 and 96: Figure 17. Total seasonal precipita
Page 97 and 98: Biodiversity Implications of the Ch
Page 99 and 100: Ariel depositions to agricultural s
Page 101 and 102: the status of Deschampsia flexuosa.
Page 103 and 104: The relative effects of ploughing,
Page 105 and 106: Trends in Species Status: Extinctio
Page 107 and 108: HymenopteraHymenopteraHymenopteraCo
Page 109 and 110: In addition to the loss of rare lic
Page 111 and 112: edstraw Galium parisiense (Tansley
Page 113 and 114: The relative extent of lichen rich
Page 115 and 116: The Feasibility and Usefulness of t
Page 117 and 118: Across patch arrangementLandscape c
Page 119 and 120: Across patcharrangementJuxtapositio
Page 121 and 122: Delivery of Multiple Species by Int
Page 123 and 124: Figure 24. Number of Breckland cons
Page 125 and 126: Mechanical disturbance to create br
Page 129 and 130: estricted to road verges, with the
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Page 133 and 134: Records of species from this guild
Page 135 and 136: © Jeremy Earlywww.natureconservati
Page 139 and 140: Open with sward mosaics guildChryso
Page 141 and 142: Grazing without physical disturbanc
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Deadwood in an open-woodland ecoton
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Specific Requirement in a Variety o
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Management to Sustain Dry Terrestri
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Heather should rather be considered
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GrazingrequirementsLightly sheep-gr
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a mosaic of overlapping ploughed, a
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Wind-blown sandThere is great uncer
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IntensityProcess Technique Immediat
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Complex Sward MosaicsComplex sward
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Management for Assemblages of Light
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Management for Species of Physicall
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Key Recommendations for Cultivated
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Shallow cultivation is preferable t
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Maidscross Hill is largely overgrow
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Ecological Requirements of Wetland
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numbers of conservation priority sp
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Recommendation Requirements of wetl
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Figure 31. Number of Breckland cons
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Restored pingo complexAt Great Hock
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Figure 32. Number of Breckland cons
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the difficulties of achieving this
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Strategic Challenges to Biodiversit
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Table 22. Problems arising from poo
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Recommendation: Natural England and
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It is therefore vital to carefully
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Creating networks for resilienceTo
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More ambitious possibilities that c
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Figure 34. Example of a potential c
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Connectivity networks© Neal Armour
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and consider whether these repeated
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Ensure that scrub removal, ploughin
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ReferencesADAS. (1997) Biological M
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Haes, E. C. M. & Harding, P. T. (19
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Sastre, B.(2003). Ground spider com
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Securing Biodiversity in Breckland - European Commission

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