The World of Words: Vocabulary for College Success ... - eLibrary

12 Chapter 1 Words About PeopleMiddle English (ME), spoken in England from 1100 to 1500 CE (AD1100 to 1500)Old English (OE), spoken in England before 1100 CEFrench (Fr.), spoken in France todayOld French (OFr.), spoken in France from 800 to 1200 CELatin (Lat.), spoken by the Romans in Italy about 2,000 years ago(near year 0 CE). Late Latin (LLat), was spoken at a later time.VLat indicates Vulgar Latin, spoken by the people, rather thanwritten in formal Latin.Ancient Greek (Gk.), spoken in Greece about 2,500 years ago (500 BCE,or BC)In printed dictionaries, etymologies are often put in square brackets [ ].6. Related words or other forms. These are usually words changedinto different parts of speech by using suffixes (word endings). Forinstance, under the main entry astute (an adjective), an adverb(astutely), and a noun (astuteness) are also listed. (See the introductionto Part 1 of this book.)The dictionary entry for astute is relatively simple; however, someentries are more complex. Here is an entry from a print source. Thisshows that the word rule has many definitions, which are separatedaccording to parts of speech. Note the use of abbreviations.15101520rule (roo — l.) n. 1a. Governing power or its possession or use; authority.b. The duration of such power. 2a. An authoritative prescribeddirection for conduct. b. The body of regulations prescribedby the founder of a religious order for governing theconduct of its members. 3. A usual, customary, or generalizedcourse of action or behavior. 4. A generalized statement that describeswhat is true in most or all cases. 5. Mathematics A standardmethod or procedure for solving a class of problems. 6. Lawa. A court order limited in application to a specific case. b. A subordinateregulation governing a particular matter. 7. See ruler 2.8. Printing A thin metal strip of various widths and designs, usedto print borders or lines, as between columns. ❖ v. ruled, rul ●ing, rules —tr. 1. To exercise control, dominion, or directionover; govern. 2. To dominate by powerful influence. 3. To decideor declare authoritatively or judicially; decree. See Syns at decide.4a. To mark with straight parallel lines. b. To mark (a straightline), as with a ruler. —intr. 1. To be in total control or command;exercise supreme authority. 2. To formulate and issue adecree or decision. 3. To prevail at a particular level or rate. 4.Slang To be excellent or superior: That new movie rules!—phrasal verb: rule out 1. To prevent; preclude. 2. To removefrom consideration; exclude. —idiom: as a rule. In general; forthe most part. [ME reule OFr. VLat. *regula Lat. rēgula, rod,principle. —rula ● ble adj.This entry shows that rule can be used as either a noun (line 1) or averb (line 12). Notice, too, that it can be used as either a transitive (—tr.)verb (line 13) or an intransitive verb (—intr.) (line 17). Rule has differentforms when it is used as a verb, and these are shown after the symbol ❖.The forms are (1) ruled, (2) ruling, and (3) rules (line 13), and they showCopyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.