260 IndexHeaven 4–5, 12, 29, 60–1, 126, 164,185, 203Confucius 21, 58, 59, 62Mencius 87, 89, 94–7, 102, 103Mozi 70, 71New Text School 137, 138–9Wang Chong 141–2, 144Xunzi 109, 114–15, 116, 117–18honesty 30Hu Shi 66Hua Mulan 200Hua Yan 147, 161, 171Hui Shi 82, 83human nature 83Mencius 89–96Xunzi 106–10Zhu Xi 167humanity 34–5, 43, 61, 79, 90, 92,94, 96, 98, 100, 106, 138, 164,191, 204and ritual 39–40hundred schools <strong>of</strong> thought 63, 128intuitive knowledge 173, 174Japan 1, 152, 156–7, 171, 177, 178,182, 190, 191, 205Jesuits 202Ji family 16, 17, 52Jixia Academy 64, 106Kang Youwei 177–8King Wen 59, 125King Wu 2knight 17Knapp, Keith 144Knoblock, John 66knowledge 31and action are one 173Kong Shu Lianghe 11, 16Kongzi 1, 65, 66, 192Korea 1, 152, 155–6, 157, 158, 160,177, 182, 190, 191, 205language 73Daoists 76Logicians 82–3Xunzi 113Laozi 75lawConfucius 49–50Han Feizi 85Lee Kuan Yew 187, 188, 195Lee, Martin 189Lee Seung-hwan 192Legalism 83–5Li Ao 162Li Si 105, 118, 128, 129, 131Lin Yutang 179literati 69, 160–1, 174Liu Bang 132, 133Liu Xiang 134, 143, 199Liu Xin 134Liu Zongzhu 175Logicians 82–3Lu Jiuyuan 171–2Lu, state <strong>of</strong> 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,18, 33, 47, 51, 52, 67, 68,88, 119, 120, 123, 132, 134,140Lu Xun 179Luoyang 5Mao Zedong 181, 187, 198May 4th movement 178–80Mencius 47, 87–104examining oneself 100–1government 96–8Heaven 95human nature is good 89–95life 87–8military 100union <strong>of</strong> all things 102–3Zhu Xi 167models 50–1Mohist school 73, 82Mozi 69–74anti-Confucian 66–7, 72anti-music 73life 69–70musicConfucius 19Mozi 73Nanzi 55, 179negative golden rule 33
Index 261Neo-<strong>Confucianism</strong> 160–76and Buddhism 161–2, 163–4, 168,171, 173, 175, 192issues 161name 159women 169–71Neville, Robert 193New <strong>Confucianism</strong> 181–6, 190–1critics 189–90New Life Movement 180New Text school 134–40Nylan, Michael 121Old Text school 140–3Opium Wars 167–77orthodox transmission 162, 165, 169,185, 189, 190phenomenon 147principle 147, 162, 164, 166, 167,172–3printed <strong>book</strong>s 160pr<strong>of</strong>it 35, 70, 71, 79, 97, 108qi 102, 137–8Dong Zhongshu 138in the Supreme Ultimate 166Wang Chong 141–2Zhang Zai 164Zhu Xi 166, 167Qi, state <strong>of</strong> 13, 17, 19, 48, 64, 88,96, 97, 101, 105, 119, 120,128Qin dynasty 129, 130–1Qin, state <strong>of</strong> 7, 42, 57, 63, 84, 106,113, 118, 128–9Qing dynasty 151, 160, 176–7, 178,180, 184Qufu 1, 15, 16, 105, 123, 152, 153quiet sitting 167, 168, 171rightness 31, 41Rites Controversy 202–3ritual 12, 18, 19, 27, 35–40, 45, 50,52, 56, 62, 67, 75, 77, 80, 120,138, 175and humanity 39–40Mencius 90, 101–2modern 196Xunzi 109, 110–11, 116Ru 65–6, 68, 69, 121, 192sage 1, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21Confucian 44, 45, 49, 52, 54, 66,79, 87, 91, 108, 126, 152, 163,168, 171, 192, 193Daoist 77–8sage-kings 2, 43, 44, 49, 61, 65, 67,69, 71, 79, 82, 85, 102, 106,109–10, 120, 122, 168scholar-bureaucrats 64, 70School <strong>of</strong> Mind/Heart 171–4self-cultivation 28, 34, 41, 44, 45, 54,92, 95, 110, 120, 126, 168, 186,194, 198self-interest 9, 31, 35, 52, 62, 84, 85,92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 103, 107, 108,117, 126, 128and Mozi 70, 71, 72setting words right 194Confucius 46–8Mencius 96–7Xunzi 113shamans 4, 17Shang dynasty 2–3, 5, 59, 66, 96Shang Yang 84, 113, 128Shen Buhai 84Sima Qian 134, 140Sima Tan 134sincerity 30, 103, 126, 167, 169Singapore 182, 187, 188, 190, 191,195, 205six accomplishments 17, 68Song dynasty 147, 159–60Song, state <strong>of</strong> 11, 13, 17, 59, 69, 95spirits <strong>of</strong> the dead 4, 36, 38Confucius 57–8, 61Mozi 71, 72Spring and Autumn Annals 15, 66,122, 123, 127, 133, 134, 140Strategists 80–1, 83, 89, 100, 106,128Su Shi 174substance-application 177, 183Sui dynasty 146, 148Sunzi 80, 81, 83
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Confucius and Confucianism
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For my mother and father,Phyllis Ma
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List of Illustrations1.1 Traditiona
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Preface: Why Confucius? xiiiI can s
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Chronology16th to 11th century BCE:
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2 Confucius’ World and His LifeWe
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Yellow RiverYANBeijingQINSubdivided
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24 Teachings I: The Foundation of a
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26 Teachings I: The Foundation of a
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64 Terms, and Mozithey tried to get
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66 Terms, and Mozipart of the Sprin
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68 Terms, and Mozithose who argued
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70 Terms, and Mozihe walked from on
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72 Terms, and Mozisage - kings were
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74 Terms, and Mozicontinued to supp
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76 OpponentsThe second text, the Zh
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78 Opponentsthat can be thrown away
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80 Opponentspoint of view, which I
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82 OpponentsThe Logicians 22The Log
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84 OpponentsShang Yang or Lord Shan
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86 Opponentsbecome immortal. Some a
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88 MenciusFigure 6.1 Statue of Menc
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90 Menciuspoint of view. There is n
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92 MenciusIf we all begin with the
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94 Menciusmay be shaped by the fami
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96 MenciusGovernmentMencius underst
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98 Menciuswithin them. A bad econom
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100 MenciusA basket of food and a b
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104 Menciusdimension: it must be ac
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106 XunziLanling in the state of Ch
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108 XunziWhen emotions and desires
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110 XunziThe sage - kings realized
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112 XunziIn their greed for money,
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114 XunziHeavenIn the early Zhou dy
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116 XunziAlways when people see gho
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118 XunziXunzi saw other thinkers a
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120 Confucians, “Confucian” Tex
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122 Confucians, “Confucian” Tex
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124 Confucians, “Confucian” Tex
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128 Confucians, “Confucian” Tex
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130 Confucians, “Confucian” Tex
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134 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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136 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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138 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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140 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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142 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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144 The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
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10From the Han to the TangDynasties
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148 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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150 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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152 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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154 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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156 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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158 From the Han to the Tang Dynast
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160 Neo-ConfucianismEven with the l
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162 Neo-Confucianismment was spendi
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164 Neo-Confucianismnot real. Buddh
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166 Neo-Confucianismprinciple for a
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168 Neo-Confucianismhave an exhaust
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170 Neo-Confucianismlocal gazettes
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172 Neo-Confucianismextensive corre
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174 Neo-Confucianismas their intuit
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178 Confucianism and Modernity“ o
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188 Confucianism and ModernityRevol
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190 Confucianism and Modernityagree
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13IssuesWhat is Confucianism?By now
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194 Issueswe have within us the pos
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196 Issueswho are “ just ” gett
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198 IssuesSelf - cultivationThe Con
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200 Issuesdaughters had their feet
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202 IssuesHow this will play out is
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204 Issuesuniformly, tried to pract
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206 Issuesout history. We might wan
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208 Notes8 The Book of History ,
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