Bio-SNG - CNG Services

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Million Tonnes per annumMillion Tonnes per annumBIO-SNG FEASIBILITY STUDY – ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIONAL PROJECTMunicipal Waste arisingsCommercial and Industrial Waste arisings1001008060402002005 2010 2015 20208060402002005 2010 2015 2020Figure 4.2Bio Residual Non Bio Residual RecycledBio Residual Non Bio Residual RecycledMunicipal, commercial and Industrial waste arisings in the UKThe production of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) from non-hazardous wastes creates the opportunity toutilise waste derived fuels in thermal applications that are more sophisticated than the classical wastedisposal route via incineration; in particular SRF is being regarded increasingly by a number of producersand users as a potential feedstock in gasification. Hence there is the potential for the transformation ofcombustible wastes into syngas and its products – including SNG.The term SRF arises from work undertaken by the European Commission under CEN/343 to provide asystematic basis for the classification and standardisation of fuels derived from non-hazardous wastes.This work was undertaken in the anticipation that the energy content of non-hazardous wastes should beexploited in pursuit of increased resource efficiency within the EU. CEN/343 therefore set out to define ascientifically informed basis for describing the properties of waste derived fuels for the purpose offacilitating trade between producer and user, for informing process design, environmental permitting,communication with stakeholders and for quality management 24 .It will be readily appreciated that it is not feasible to design a piece of sophisticated plant such as agasifier without tailoring the design to the known properties of the fuel. This is true for a conventional coalgasifier and it is equally the case for a gasifier intended for operation on biomass or a waste-derived fuel.Given the variable provenance and properties of waste materials it becomes an indispensable conditionthat some method must be applied by which the physical and chemical properties of a waste-derived fuelcan be specified and assured, if they are to be used as a gasifier feedstock. The CEN/343 approachprovides a rigorous method to do this.The properties of solid fuels which are of most interest in gasification are common, whether they are fossilor biomass or waste. These include particle size and density, physical form, ash content, ash fusion pointand ash composition, humidity, and levels of halogens, sulphur, arsenic, and mercury. An operator of acoal gasifier can control the inputs to its plant by using coal from well characterised sources, evenindividual mines, backed up by standardised coal testing techniques that have been in use for decades.The use of SRF in gasification introduces therefore the need for an equally effective means of fuel qualityassurance.24 CEN/343 is now mandated for adoption by member states and is available from British Standards Institute.26
BIO-SNG FEASIBILITY STUDY – ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIONAL PROJECTIn postulating the use of SRF for the production of Bio-SNG, it is necessary to understand the bio energycontent of the fuel. CEN/343 includes methods for making this determination, but they may not providethe best method of biomass determination. 25 It must also be appreciated that when SRF is used forproduction of SNG, a proportion of the output would contain fossil carbon, and this would needaccounting for if incentives for renewable energy were to be claimed. The composition of a typical SolidRecovered Fuel is shown in Table 4-3SRF class and originClass code : NCV 3, Cl 3, Hg 3Physical parametersParticle form : CubesParticle size : Test method: prCEN/TS 15415Unit Value Test methodTypical LimitAsh content % dm 26 14 25 prCEN/TS 15403Moisture content % ar 27 8 20 prCEN/TS 15414Net calorific value (NCV) MJ/kg ar 18 >12.5 prCEN/TS 15400Biomass fraction % GCV 65 50 prCEN/TS 15440Chemical parametersUnit Value Test methodTypical LimitChlorine (Cl) % w/w 28 0.26 1.0 prCEN/TS 15408Sulphur (S) % w/w 0.15 1.0 prCEN/TS 15408Fluorine (F) % w/w 0.02 0.5 prCEN/TS 15408Bromine (Br) % w/w 0.01 0.25 prCEN/TS 15408Mercury (Hg) mg/kg 0.49 10 prCEN/TS 15411Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg 1.26 20 prCEN/TS 15411Thallium (Tl) mg/kg < 9 20 prCEN/TS 15411Total Group II metals mg/kg 18 30 prCEN/TS 15411Antimony (Sb) mg/kg 12 150 prCEN/TS 15411Arsenic (As) mg/kg < 0.82 100 prCEN/TS 15411Chromium (Cr) mg/kg 17.6 150 prCEN/TS 15411Cobalt (Co) mg/kg 4.3 75 prCEN/TS 15411Copper (Cu) mg/kg 268 500 prCEN/TS 15411Lead (Pb) mg/kg 100 250 prCEN/TS 15411Manganese (Mn) mg/kg 90 500 prCEN/TS 15411Nickel (Ni) mg/kg 9.3 100 prCEN/TS 15411Tin (Sn) mg/kg 27 50 prCEN/TS 15411Vanadium (V) mg/kg 4.1 50 prCEN/TS 15411Total Group III metals mg/kg 538 800 prCEN/TS 15411Table 4-3 Typical SRF specificationFailure of waste gasification processes has been frequently exacerbated by not only the uncontrolledvariability of the fuel, but also by the failure of technology developers to appreciate the importance of thisissue in process design. Unlike a waste incinerator, a waste fired gasifier cannot be omnivorous; fuelspecification and plant design are inextricably linked.25 C 14 methods applied to the process output may give more reliable performance and be cheaper.26 dry matter (dm)27 as received (ar)28 wet weight (w/w)27
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