WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan D, Kelly RP, Campbell LV. Effects of postmenopausal HRT on central abdominal fat, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and vascular factors in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Diabetes Care 1999;22(9):1401–7. 37 Valve R, Sivenius K, Miettinen R, et al. Two polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gama gene are associated with severe overweight among obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(10):3708–12. 38 Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 2000;343(1):16–22. 39 Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159(10):1061–6. 40 Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease [published erratum appears in JAMA 1998;281(15):1380]. JAMA 1998;280(23):2001–7. 41 Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JN, et al. Effects on coronary heart disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet 1992;339(8793):563–9. 42 Cable TA, Meland E, Soberg T, Slagsvold S. Lessons from the Oslo Study Diet and Anti-smoking Trial: a qualitative study of long-term behaviour change. Scand J Public Health 1999;27(3):206–12. 43 de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet <strong>Heart</strong> Study. Circulation 1999;99(6):779–85. 44 Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Rao PV, et al. Diet and lifestyle guidelines and desirable levels of risk factors for the prevention of diabetes and its vascular complications in Indians: a scientific statement of The International College of Nutrition. Indian Consensus Group for the Prevention of Diabetes. J Cardiovas Risk 1997;4(3):201–8. 45 Stefanick ML. Physical activity for preventing and treating obesity-related dyslipoproteinemias. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31(Suppl 11):S609–18. 170 46 Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in women. Am J Cardiol 1995;75(5):340–3. 47 Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1999;341(9):650–8. 48 Matthews KA, Owens JF, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Jansen-McWilliams L. Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women? Psychosom Med 1998;60(5):633–8. 49 Orth-Gomer K, Horsten M, Wamala SP, et al. Social relations and extent and severity of coronary heart disease. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Eur <strong>Heart</strong> J 1998;19(11):1648–56. 50 Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Reiber C, Bunker CH. Anger, hostility, and visceral adipose tissue in healthy postmenopausal women. Metabolism 1999;48(9):1146–51. 51 Wamala SP, Murray MA, Horsten M, et al. Socioeconomic status and determinants of hemostatic function in healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19(3):485–92. 52 Friedman GD, Klatsky AL. Is alcohol good for your health? [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1997;336:523] N Engl J Med 1993;329(25):1882–3. 53 Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995;332(19):1245–50. 54 Wouters MG, Moorrees MT, van der Mooren MJ, et al. Plasma homocysteine and menopausal status. Eur J Clin Invest 1995;25(11):801–5. 55 van der Mooren MJ, Wouters MG, Blom HJ, Schellekens LA, Eskes TK, Rolland R. Hormone replacement therapy may reduce high serum homocysteine in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Invest 1994;24(11):733–6. 56 van der Mooren MJ, Demacker PN, Blom HJ, de Rijke YB, Rolland R. The effect of sequential three-monthly hormone replacement therapy on several cardiovascular risk estimators in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1997;67(1):67–73.
57 Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Netelenbos C, et al. Postmenopausal oral 17beta-estradiol continuously combined with dydrogesterone reduces fasting serum homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 1998;69(5):876–82. 58 Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Jakobs C, van Baal WM, Peters-Muller ER, van der Mooren MJ. A randomized controlled study of the effects of 17beta-estradiol-dydrogesterone on plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(3):432–6. 59 van Baal WM, Smolders RG, van der Mooren MJ, Teerlink T, Kenemans P. Hormone replacement therapy and plasma homocysteine levels. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94(4):485–91. 60 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. Creactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342(12):836–43. 61 Mosca L, Grundy SM, Judelson D, et al. Guide to Preventive Cardiology for Women. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: Consensus panel statement. Circulation 1999; 99(18):2480–4. 62 Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang YH, et al. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med 1997;336(18):1276–82. 63 Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, et al. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation 1996;93(7):1354–63. 64 Matthews KA, Meilahn E, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Gaggiula AW, Wing RR. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321(10):641–6. 65 Staessen J, Bulpitt CJ, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Amery A. The influence of menopause on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1989;3(6):427–33. 66 Owens JF, Stoney CM, Matthews KA. Menopausal status influences ambulatory blood pressure levels and blood pressure changes during mental stress. Circulation 1993;88(6):2794–802. 67 Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Deanfield JE. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24(2):471–6. 68 Sarabi M, Millgard J, Lind L. Effects of age, gender and metabolic factors on endothelium-dependent vasodilation: a population-based study. J Intern Med 1999; 246(3):265–74. 69 Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, et al. Menopause is associated with endothelial dysfunction in women. Hypertension 1996;28(4):576–82. 70 Hayward CS, Kelly RP, Collins P. The roles of gender, the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiovascular function (review). Cardiovasc Res 2000;46(1):28–49. 71 Chang WC, Nakao J, Orimo H, Murota SI. Stimulation of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and prostacyclin synthetase activities by estradiol in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980;620(3):472–82. 72 Lieberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flowmediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1994;121(12):936–41. 73 McCrohon JA, Adams MR, McCredie RJ, et al. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved arterial physiology in healthy postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45(4):435–41. 74 Guetta V, Quyyumi AA, Prasad A, Panza JA, Waclawiw M, Cannon RO 3rd. The role of nitric oxide in coronary vascular effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1997;96(9):2795–801. 75 Sudhir K, Jennings GL, Funder JW, Komesaroff PA. Estrogen enhances basal nitric oxide release in the forearm vasculature in perimenopausal women. Hypertension 1996;28(3):330–4. 76 Jiang C, Sarrel PM, Poole-Wilson PA, Collins P. Acute effect of 17beta-estradiol on rabbit coronary artery contractile responses to endothelin-1. Am J Physiol 1992;263(1 Pt 2):H271–5. 77 Webb CM, Ghatei M, McNeill JG, Collins P. 17betaestradiol decreases endothelin-1 levels in the coronary circulation of postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000;102(14):1617–22. 78 Jiang C, Poole-Wilson PA, Sarrel PM, Mochizuki S, Collins P, MacLeod KT. Effect of 17beta-oestradiol on contraction, Ca2+ current and intracellular free Ca2+ in guinea-pig isolated cardiac myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1992;106(3):739–45. 171
Page 1:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
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CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
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Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associa
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Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
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Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
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PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
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CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
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TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
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TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
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symptom measures, cultural factors,
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5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
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The atherogenic risk profile of old
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• Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
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tion of the remaining ridge in area
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9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
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Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
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TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
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CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
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oped and are less prepared to addre
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FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
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Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
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Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
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decrease about 2 years before the F
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4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
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to be under stress and to hold part
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21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement
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62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
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CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
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women who may have reached natural
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numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
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(47 percent), problems sleeping (39
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FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
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tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
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5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
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to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
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REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
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48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
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92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
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Hällström wrote that the psycholo
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countries. Perhaps, as the authors
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Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
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ange of variables, such as genetic
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REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
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47 George T. Women in a south India
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9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
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HRT) display tissue-selective estro
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a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
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3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
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4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
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in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
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lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
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7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
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REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
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40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
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83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
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125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
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169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
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FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
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ound, the conformation of the recep
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with extremely potent estrogenic ac
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Its potency as an antiestrogen was
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The observation that the degree of
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findings were remarkable because a
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Recently, the use of phage display
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20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
Page 136 and 137: 65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
Page 138 and 139: in their survey of postmenopausal w
Page 140 and 141: where over half the world’s popul
Page 142 and 143: The Danish study of Koster and Gard
Page 144 and 145: Many studies of sexual interest in
Page 146 and 147: 7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
Page 148 and 149: None of these studies evaluated the
Page 150 and 151: estrogen-androgen group during the
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
Page 154 and 155: 52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
Page 156 and 157: 140
Page 158 and 159: outes of administration and differe
Page 160 and 161: FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
Page 162 and 163: fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
Page 164 and 165: TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
Page 166 and 167: TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
Page 168 and 169: TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
Page 170 and 171: Interesting differences in atherosc
Page 172 and 173: similar effects in both patients wi
Page 174 and 175: a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
Page 176 and 177: may account for a substantial propo
Page 178 and 179: associated with an independent prot
Page 180 and 181: eases preoperatively. Quality of li
Page 182 and 183: excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
Page 188 and 189: 79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
Page 190 and 191: 121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
Page 192 and 193: 162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jon
Page 194 and 195: 201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
Page 196 and 197: 243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
Page 198 and 199: 7. A connection between menopausal
Page 200 and 201: 3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
Page 202 and 203: Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
Page 204 and 205: density and has a favorable effect
Page 206 and 207: How should this information be inco
Page 208 and 209: emergence of proved treatment alter
Page 210 and 211: Data on the relation between skelet
Page 212 and 213: REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
Page 214 and 215: 42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
Page 216 and 217: 85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
Page 218 and 219: 130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
Page 220 and 221: 1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
Page 222 and 223: for breast cancer are at increased
Page 224 and 225: findings on biopsy in women with an
Page 226 and 227: thra. Patients typically describe l
Page 228 and 229: Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
Page 230 and 231: There has been one systematic revie
Page 232 and 233: ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
Page 234 and 235: 21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
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65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
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222
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1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
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difficult to compare because of com
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Although HRT has been related to an
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cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
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TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
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TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
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TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
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TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
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TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
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When the same women in NSABP were r
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REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
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47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
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93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
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139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
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1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
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inverse relation with nonverbal mem
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ease decreased significantly with i
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of households selected to be repres
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standard antipsychotic drugs increa
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5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
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19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow D
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64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
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114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
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162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
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patients with strong personal convi
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Therefore, convincing evidence of t
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3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
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278 lower dosages of estrogen will
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• Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
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Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
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284 persists but is less steep in w
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5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
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• There is no clinical trial evid
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Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
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Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
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Dementia and Mental Health Forette
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CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
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PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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