WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Member Public Health Sciences Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Research Associate Professor Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Schools of Medicine and Public Health and Community Medicine Seattle, WA, U.S.A. Maryann Redford, D.D.S., M.P.H. Director, Clinical Trials and Epidemiologic Studies Program National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, U.S.A. NONPANEL COAUTHORS Janet R. Guthrie, Ph.D., M.Sc. Research Fellow Office for Gender and Health Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia Barbara E. K. Klein, M.D., M.P.H. Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Ocular Epidemiology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, U.S.A. IV Susan M. Resnick, Ph.D. Investigator Cognition Section Laboratory of Personality and Cognition National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Baltimore, MD, U.S.A. Jacques E. Rossouw, M.D. Acting Director, Women’s Health Initiative National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, U.S.A. Sherry Sherman, Ph.D. Director, Clinical Endocrinology and Osteoporosis Research National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, U.S.A. Stefan Nilsson, Dr. Med. Sci. Associate Professor Affiliated to Department of Medical Nutrition Karolinska Institute Novum, Huddinge University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden Nanette Santoro, M.D. Division Director Division of Reproductive Endocrinology Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, U.S.A.
WITH APPRECIATION FOR THE EXPERTISE OF THE FOLLOWING, WHO GRACIOUSLY REVIEWED AND COMMENTED ON THE PRELIMINARY INDIVIDUAL CHAPTERS: Beth Alder, Ph.D. Professor and Director of Research Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Napier University Edinburgh, United Kingdom Gloria A. Bachmann, M.D. Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Robert Wood Johnson Medical School University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A. Linda Cardozo, M.D. Professor of Urogynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology King’s College Hospital London, United Kingdom Sir Richard Doll Emeritus Professor of Medicine Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiology Study Unit (CTSU) University of Oxford Harkness Laboratory Oxford, United Kingdom Timothy M. M. Farley, Ph.D. Epidemiological Research Special Programme of Research Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Marcha Flint, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology Montclair State University Upper Montclair, NJ, U.S.A. Silvia Franceschi, M.D. Chief, Unit of Field and Intervention Studies International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon Cedex, France Ulysses J. Gaspard, M.D., Ph.D. Professor and Chief Service of Gynecology University Center of Liege Liege, Belgium Anna Glasier, M.D., Ph.D. Consultant and Director Family Planning and Well Woman Services Lothian Primary Care Edinburgh, United Kingdom Elina Hemminki, M.D., Ph.D. Research Professor National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, STAKES Helsinki, Finland Myra S. Hunter, Ph.D. Department of Psychology St. Thomas Hospital London, United Kingdom Won-Whe Kim, M.D. Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Pusan National University School of Medicine Pusan, Korea Britt-Marie Landgren, M.D., Ph.D. Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Huddinge University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden V
Page 1: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
Page 4 and 5: CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
Page 8 and 9: Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
Page 10 and 11: Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
Page 15 and 16: PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
Page 23 and 24: symptom measures, cultural factors,
Page 25 and 26: 5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
Page 27 and 28: The atherogenic risk profile of old
Page 29 and 30: • Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
Page 31 and 32: tion of the remaining ridge in area
Page 33 and 34: 9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
Page 35 and 36: Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
Page 41 and 42: oped and are less prepared to addre
Page 43 and 44: FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
Page 45 and 46: Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
Page 47 and 48: Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
Page 49 and 50: decrease about 2 years before the F
Page 51 and 52: 4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
Page 53 and 54: to be under stress and to hold part
Page 55 and 56: 21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement
Page 57 and 58:
62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
Page 61 and 62:
women who may have reached natural
Page 63 and 64:
numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
Page 65 and 66:
(47 percent), problems sleeping (39
Page 67 and 68:
FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
Page 69 and 70:
tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
Page 71 and 72:
5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
Page 73 and 74:
to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
Page 75 and 76:
REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
Page 77 and 78:
48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
Page 79:
92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
Page 82 and 83:
Hällström wrote that the psycholo
Page 84 and 85:
countries. Perhaps, as the authors
Page 86 and 87:
Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
Page 88 and 89:
ange of variables, such as genetic
Page 90 and 91:
REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
Page 92 and 93:
47 George T. Women in a south India
Page 94 and 95:
9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
Page 96 and 97:
HRT) display tissue-selective estro
Page 98 and 99:
a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
Page 100 and 101:
3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
Page 102 and 103:
4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
Page 104 and 105:
in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
Page 106 and 107:
lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
Page 108 and 109:
7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
Page 110 and 111:
REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
Page 112 and 113:
40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
Page 114 and 115:
83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
Page 116 and 117:
125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
Page 118 and 119:
169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
Page 122 and 123:
ound, the conformation of the recep
Page 124 and 125:
with extremely potent estrogenic ac
Page 126 and 127:
Its potency as an antiestrogen was
Page 128 and 129:
The observation that the degree of
Page 130 and 131:
findings were remarkable because a
Page 132 and 133:
Recently, the use of phage display
Page 134 and 135:
20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
Page 136 and 137:
65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
Page 138 and 139:
in their survey of postmenopausal w
Page 140 and 141:
where over half the world’s popul
Page 142 and 143:
The Danish study of Koster and Gard
Page 144 and 145:
Many studies of sexual interest in
Page 146 and 147:
7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
Page 148 and 149:
None of these studies evaluated the
Page 150 and 151:
estrogen-androgen group during the
Page 152 and 153:
REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
Page 154 and 155:
52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
Page 156 and 157:
140
Page 158 and 159:
outes of administration and differe
Page 160 and 161:
FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
Page 162 and 163:
fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
Page 164 and 165:
TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
Page 166 and 167:
TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
Page 168 and 169:
TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
Page 170 and 171:
Interesting differences in atherosc
Page 172 and 173:
similar effects in both patients wi
Page 174 and 175:
a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
Page 176 and 177:
may account for a substantial propo
Page 178 and 179:
associated with an independent prot
Page 180 and 181:
eases preoperatively. Quality of li
Page 182 and 183:
excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
Page 184 and 185:
REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
Page 186 and 187:
36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan
Page 188 and 189:
79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
Page 190 and 191:
121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
Page 192 and 193:
162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jon
Page 194 and 195:
201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
Page 196 and 197:
243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
Page 198 and 199:
7. A connection between menopausal
Page 200 and 201:
3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
Page 202 and 203:
Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
Page 204 and 205:
density and has a favorable effect
Page 206 and 207:
How should this information be inco
Page 208 and 209:
emergence of proved treatment alter
Page 210 and 211:
Data on the relation between skelet
Page 212 and 213:
REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
Page 214 and 215:
42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
Page 216 and 217:
85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
Page 218 and 219:
130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
Page 220 and 221:
1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
Page 222 and 223:
for breast cancer are at increased
Page 224 and 225:
findings on biopsy in women with an
Page 226 and 227:
thra. Patients typically describe l
Page 228 and 229:
Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
Page 230 and 231:
There has been one systematic revie
Page 232 and 233:
ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
Page 234 and 235:
21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
Page 236 and 237:
65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
Page 238 and 239:
222
Page 240 and 241:
1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
Page 242 and 243:
difficult to compare because of com
Page 244 and 245:
Although HRT has been related to an
Page 246 and 247:
cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
Page 248 and 249:
TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
Page 250 and 251:
TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
Page 258 and 259:
When the same women in NSABP were r
Page 260 and 261:
REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
Page 262 and 263:
47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
Page 264 and 265:
93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
Page 266 and 267:
139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
Page 268 and 269:
1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
Page 270 and 271:
inverse relation with nonverbal mem
Page 272 and 273:
ease decreased significantly with i
Page 274 and 275:
of households selected to be repres
Page 276 and 277:
standard antipsychotic drugs increa
Page 278 and 279:
5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
Page 280 and 281:
19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow D
Page 282 and 283:
64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
Page 284 and 285:
114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
Page 286 and 287:
162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
Page 288 and 289:
patients with strong personal convi
Page 290 and 291:
Therefore, convincing evidence of t
Page 292 and 293:
3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
Page 294 and 295:
278 lower dosages of estrogen will
Page 296 and 297:
• Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
Page 298 and 299:
Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
Page 300 and 301:
284 persists but is less steep in w
Page 302 and 303:
5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
Page 304 and 305:
• There is no clinical trial evid
Page 306 and 307:
Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
Page 308 and 309:
Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
Page 310 and 311:
Dementia and Mental Health Forette
Page 312 and 313:
CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
Page 314 and 315:
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
Page 316:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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