WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR, et al. Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: a positron-emission tomography study in women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94(16):8836–41. 20 Resnick SM, Maki PM, Golski S, Kraut MA, Zonderman AB. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological performance. Horm Behav 1998;34(2):171–82. 21 Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, et al. Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks. JAMA 1999;281(13):1197–202. 22 Maki PM, Resnick SM. Longitudinal effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21(2):373–83. 23 Hogervorst E, Williams J, Budge M, Riedel W, Jolles J. The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive functiion in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience 2000;101(3):485–512. 24 Yaffe K, Grady D, Pressman A, Cummings S. Serum estrogen levels, cognitive performance, and risk of cognitive decline in older community women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46(7):816–21. 25 Drake EB, Henderson VW, Stanczyk FZ, et al. Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women. Neurology 2000;54(3):599–603. 26 Kimura D. Estrogen replacement therapy may protect against intellectual decline in postmenopausal women. Horm Behav 1995;29(3):312–21. 27 Kampen DL, Sherwin BB. Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83(6):979–83. 28 Resnick SM, Metter EJ, Zonderman AB. Estrogen replacement therapy and longitudinal decline in visual memory. A possible protective effect? Neurology 1997;49(6):1491–7. 29 Maki PM, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM. Enhanced verbal memory in nondemented elderly women receiving hormone-replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:227–33. 30 Jacobs DM, Tang MX, Stern Y, et al. Cognitive function in nondemented older women who took estrogen after menopause. Neurology 1998;50(2):368–73. 264 31 Matthews K, Cauley J, Yaffe K, Zmuda JM. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive decline in older community women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47(5):518–23. 32 Steffens DC, Norton MC, Plassman BL, et al. Enhanced cognitive performance with estrogen use in nondemented community-dwelling older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47(10):1171–5. 33 Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Reinhart B, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: a neuropsychological and brain MRI study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44(11):1307–13. 34 Hogervorst E, Boshuisen M, Riedel W, Willeken C, Jolles J. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in elderly women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24(1):43–68. 35 Szklo M, Cerhan J, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144(11):1048–57. 36 Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in older women. JAMA 1993;269(20):2637–41. 37 Costa MM, Reus VI, Wolkowitz OM, Manfredi F, Lieberman M. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive decline in memory-impaired post-menopausal women. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46(2):182–8. 38 Sherwin BB. Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1988;13(4):345–57. 39 Phillips SM, Sherwin BB. Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17(5):485–95. 40 Wolf OT, Kudielka MB, Hellhammer DH, Törber S, McEwen BS, Kirschbaum C. Two weeks of transdermal estradiol treatment in postmenopausal elderly women and its effect on memory and mood: verbal memory changes are associated with the treatment induced estradiol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24(7):727–41. 41 Sherwin BB, Tulandi T. “Add–back” estrogen reverses cognitive deficits induced by a gonadotropin–releasing hormone agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(7):2545–9.
42 Polo-Kantola P, Portin R, Polo O, Helenius H, Irjala K, Erkkola R. The effect of short-term estrogen replacement therapy on cognition: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91(3):459–66. 43 Derby CA, Hume AL, McPhillips JB, Barbour MM, Carleton RA. Prior and current health characteristics of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy users compared with nonusers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173(2):544–50. 44 Rossouw JE. What we still need to learn about hormone replacement therapy. Infert and Reprod Med Clin North Amer 1999;10:189–209. 45 van Dujin CM. Epidemiology of the dementias: recent developments and new approaches. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:478–88. 46 Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS. The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987;76(5):465–79. 47 Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, et al. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90(5):1977–81. 48 Arendt T, Schindler C, Brückner MK, et al. Plastic neuronal remodeling is impaired in patients with Alzheimer’s disease carrying apolipoprotein ε4 allele. J Neurosci 1997;17(2):516–29. 49 Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1997;278(16):1349–56. 50 Bretsky PM, Buckwalter JG, Seeman TE, et al. Evidence for an interaction between apolipoprotein E genotype, gender, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13(4):216–21. 51 Pike CJ. Estrogen modulates neuronal Bcl-xL expression and β-amyloid-induced apoptosis: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 1999;72(4):1552–63. 52 Pacifici R, Brown C, Puscheck E, et al. Effect of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement on cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88(12):5134–8. 53 Stone DJ, Rozovsky I, Morgan TE, Anderson CP, Hajian H, Finch CE. Astrocytes and microglia respond to estrogen with increased apoE mRNA in vivo and in vitro. Exp Neurol 1997;143(2):313–8. 54 Xu H, Gouras GK, Greenfield JP, et al. Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer β-amyloid peptides. Nat Med 1998;4(4):447–51. 55 Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel CK, Dunn ME, Buckwalter JG. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women. Comparisons between Alzheimer’s disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch Neurol 1994;51(9):896–900. 56 Birge SJ. The role of estrogen deficiency in the aging central nervous system. In: Lobo RA, ed. Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects. New York: Raven Press, 1994:153–157. 57 Mortel KF, Meyer JS. Lack of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7(3):334–7. 58 Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140(3):256–61. 59 Brenner DE, Kukull WA, Stergachis A, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140(3):262–7. 60 Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Intern Med 1996;156(19):2213–7. 61 Tang M-X, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 1996;348(9025):429–32. 62 Slooter AJ, Bronzova J, Witteman JC, Van Broeckhoven C, Hofman A, van Duijn CM. Estrogen use and early onset Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67(6):779–81. 63 Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A, et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology 1997;48(6):1517–21. 265
Page 1:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
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CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
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Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associa
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Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
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Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
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PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
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CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
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TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
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TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
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symptom measures, cultural factors,
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5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
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The atherogenic risk profile of old
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• Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
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tion of the remaining ridge in area
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9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
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Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
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TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
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CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
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oped and are less prepared to addre
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FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
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Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
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Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
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decrease about 2 years before the F
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4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
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to be under stress and to hold part
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21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement
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62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
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CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
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women who may have reached natural
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numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
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(47 percent), problems sleeping (39
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FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
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tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
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5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
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to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
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REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
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48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
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92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
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Hällström wrote that the psycholo
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countries. Perhaps, as the authors
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Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
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ange of variables, such as genetic
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REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
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47 George T. Women in a south India
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9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
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HRT) display tissue-selective estro
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a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
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3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
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4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
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in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
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lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
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7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
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REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
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40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
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83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
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125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
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169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
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FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
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ound, the conformation of the recep
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with extremely potent estrogenic ac
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Its potency as an antiestrogen was
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The observation that the degree of
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findings were remarkable because a
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Recently, the use of phage display
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20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
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65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
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in their survey of postmenopausal w
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where over half the world’s popul
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The Danish study of Koster and Gard
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Many studies of sexual interest in
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7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
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None of these studies evaluated the
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estrogen-androgen group during the
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REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
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52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
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140
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outes of administration and differe
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FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
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fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
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TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
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TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
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TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
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Interesting differences in atherosc
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similar effects in both patients wi
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a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
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may account for a substantial propo
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associated with an independent prot
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eases preoperatively. Quality of li
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excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
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REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
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36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan
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79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
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121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
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162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jon
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201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
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243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
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7. A connection between menopausal
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3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
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Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
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density and has a favorable effect
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How should this information be inco
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emergence of proved treatment alter
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Data on the relation between skelet
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REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
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42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
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85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
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130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
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1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
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for breast cancer are at increased
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findings on biopsy in women with an
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thra. Patients typically describe l
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Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
Page 230 and 231: There has been one systematic revie
Page 232 and 233: ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
Page 234 and 235: 21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
Page 236 and 237: 65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
Page 238 and 239: 222
Page 240 and 241: 1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
Page 242 and 243: difficult to compare because of com
Page 244 and 245: Although HRT has been related to an
Page 246 and 247: cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
Page 248 and 249: TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
Page 250 and 251: TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
Page 258 and 259: When the same women in NSABP were r
Page 260 and 261: REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
Page 262 and 263: 47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
Page 264 and 265: 93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
Page 266 and 267: 139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
Page 268 and 269: 1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
Page 270 and 271: inverse relation with nonverbal mem
Page 272 and 273: ease decreased significantly with i
Page 274 and 275: of households selected to be repres
Page 276 and 277: standard antipsychotic drugs increa
Page 278 and 279: 5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
Page 282 and 283: 64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
Page 284 and 285: 114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
Page 286 and 287: 162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
Page 288 and 289: patients with strong personal convi
Page 290 and 291: Therefore, convincing evidence of t
Page 292 and 293: 3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
Page 294 and 295: 278 lower dosages of estrogen will
Page 296 and 297: • Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
Page 298 and 299: Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
Page 300 and 301: 284 persists but is less steep in w
Page 302 and 303: 5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
Page 304 and 305: • There is no clinical trial evid
Page 306 and 307: Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
Page 308 and 309: Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
Page 310 and 311: Dementia and Mental Health Forette
Page 312 and 313: CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
Page 314 and 315: PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
Page 316: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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