WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jones L, Sharples L, Schofield PM. Transdermal hormone replacement therapy for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women (abstract). European Heart Journal 2000;21:212. 163 Rossouw JE, Hurd S. The Women’s Health Initiative: recruitment complete—looking back and looking forward (editorial). J Womens Health 1999;8(1):3–5. 164 WHI HRT Update. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/hrt-en.htm. Accessed at 27 March 2002. 165 Wilson PW, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1985;313(17):1038–43. 166 Bandyopadhyay S, Bayer AJ, O’Mahony MS. Age and gender bias in statin trials. QJM 2001;94(3):127–132. 167 Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338(8778):1281–5. 168 SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265(24):3255–64. 169 Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 2000;342(10):748 and 1376]. N Engl J Med 2000;342(3):145–53. 170 Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985;27(5):335–71. 171 Wenger NK. Women, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization: concordant and discordant clinical trial and registry data (review). Cardiol Rev 1999;7(2):117–20. 176 172 Bueno H, Vidan MT, Almazan A, Lopez-Sendon JL, Delcan JL. Influence of sex on the short-term outcome of elderly patients with a first acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1995;92(5):1133–40. 173 Kannel WB, Wilson PW. Risk factors that attenuate the female coronary disease advantage. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(1):57–61. 174 Maynard C, Litwin PE, Martin JS, Weaver WD. Gender differences in the treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction. Results from the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry. Arch Intern Med 1992;152(5):972–6. 175 Kudenchuk PJ, Maynard C, Martin JS, Wirkus M, Weaver WD. Comparison of presentation, treatment, and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in men versus women (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry). Am J Cardiol 1996;78(1):9–14. 176 First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet 1986;2(8498):57–66. 177 ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;345(8951):669–85. 178 Vaccarino V, Parsons L, Every NR, Barron HV, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in early mortality after myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Participants. N Engl J Med 1999;341(4):217–25. 179 Rosengren A, Spetz CL, Koster M, Hammar N, Alfredsson L, Rosen M. Sex differences in survival after myocardial infarction in Sweden; data from the Swedish National Acute Myocardial Infarction Register. Eur Heart J 2001;22(4):314–22. 180 Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341(4):226–32.
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Page 1:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
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CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
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Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associa
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Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
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Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
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PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
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CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
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TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
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TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
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symptom measures, cultural factors,
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5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
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The atherogenic risk profile of old
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• Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
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tion of the remaining ridge in area
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9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
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Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
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TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
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CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
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oped and are less prepared to addre
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FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
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Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
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Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
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decrease about 2 years before the F
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4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
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to be under stress and to hold part
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21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement
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62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
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CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
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women who may have reached natural
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numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
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(47 percent), problems sleeping (39
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FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
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tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
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5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
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to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
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REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
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48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
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92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
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Hällström wrote that the psycholo
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countries. Perhaps, as the authors
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Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
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ange of variables, such as genetic
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REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
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47 George T. Women in a south India
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9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
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HRT) display tissue-selective estro
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a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
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3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
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4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
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in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
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lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
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7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
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REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
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40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
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83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
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125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
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169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
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FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
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ound, the conformation of the recep
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with extremely potent estrogenic ac
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Its potency as an antiestrogen was
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The observation that the degree of
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findings were remarkable because a
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Recently, the use of phage display
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20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
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65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
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in their survey of postmenopausal w
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where over half the world’s popul
Page 142 and 143: The Danish study of Koster and Gard
Page 144 and 145: Many studies of sexual interest in
Page 146 and 147: 7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
Page 148 and 149: None of these studies evaluated the
Page 150 and 151: estrogen-androgen group during the
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
Page 154 and 155: 52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
Page 156 and 157: 140
Page 158 and 159: outes of administration and differe
Page 160 and 161: FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
Page 162 and 163: fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
Page 164 and 165: TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
Page 166 and 167: TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
Page 168 and 169: TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
Page 170 and 171: Interesting differences in atherosc
Page 172 and 173: similar effects in both patients wi
Page 174 and 175: a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
Page 176 and 177: may account for a substantial propo
Page 178 and 179: associated with an independent prot
Page 180 and 181: eases preoperatively. Quality of li
Page 182 and 183: excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
Page 184 and 185: REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
Page 186 and 187: 36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan
Page 188 and 189: 79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
Page 190 and 191: 121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
Page 194 and 195: 201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
Page 196 and 197: 243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
Page 198 and 199: 7. A connection between menopausal
Page 200 and 201: 3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
Page 202 and 203: Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
Page 204 and 205: density and has a favorable effect
Page 206 and 207: How should this information be inco
Page 208 and 209: emergence of proved treatment alter
Page 210 and 211: Data on the relation between skelet
Page 212 and 213: REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
Page 214 and 215: 42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
Page 216 and 217: 85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
Page 218 and 219: 130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
Page 220 and 221: 1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
Page 222 and 223: for breast cancer are at increased
Page 224 and 225: findings on biopsy in women with an
Page 226 and 227: thra. Patients typically describe l
Page 228 and 229: Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
Page 230 and 231: There has been one systematic revie
Page 232 and 233: ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
Page 234 and 235: 21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
Page 236 and 237: 65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
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Page 240 and 241: 1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
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difficult to compare because of com
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Although HRT has been related to an
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cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
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TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
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TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
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TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
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TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
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TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
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When the same women in NSABP were r
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REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
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47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
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93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
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139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
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1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
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inverse relation with nonverbal mem
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ease decreased significantly with i
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of households selected to be repres
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standard antipsychotic drugs increa
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5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
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19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow D
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64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
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114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
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162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
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patients with strong personal convi
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Therefore, convincing evidence of t
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3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
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278 lower dosages of estrogen will
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• Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
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Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
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284 persists but is less steep in w
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5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
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• There is no clinical trial evid
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Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
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Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
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Dementia and Mental Health Forette
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CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
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PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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