WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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REFERENCES 1 World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1998. Geneva: World Heath Organization 1998. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/1998/whren.htm. Last update 16 February 1999. 2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration, Global Aging into the 21st Century. Bureau of the Census. 1996. 3 Smith W, Mitchell P, Wang JJ. Gender, oestrogen, hormone replacement and age-related macular degeneration: results from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997;25(Suppl 1):S13–5. 4 Sator MO, Joura EA, Frigo P, Kurz C, Metka M, Hommer A, Huber JC. Hormone replacement therapy and intraocular pressure. Maturitas 1997;28:55–8. 5 NIH Guide, Menopause and health in aging women (RFA AG-94-002) 1993; 22(32). 6 Derby CA, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. In: Lobo RA, Kelsey J, Marcus R eds. Menopause, Biology and Pathobiology. Academic Press, 2000;230–3. 7 Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Early menopause, number of reproductive years, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Am J Public Health 1993;83:983–8. 8 Karagas MR, Kelsey J, McGuire V. Cancers of the female reproductive system. In: Lobo RA, Kelsey J Marcus R eds. Menopause, Biology and Pathobiology. Academic Press, 2000;360–5. 9 WHO Scientific Group on Research on the Menopause in the 1990’s; Research on the menopause, report of a WHO scientific group, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Technical Report Series 866, 1996;1–107. 10 Dos Santos Silva I, Beral V. Socioeconomic differences in reproductive behaviour (review). IARC Sci Publ 1997;138:285–308. 38 11 Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Prospective study of the determinants of age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:124–33. 12 Beyene Y. Cultural significance and physiological manifestations of menopause. A biocultural analysis. Cult Med Psychiatry 1986;10(1):47–71. 13 McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG. The normal menopause transition. Maturitas 1992,14:103–15. 14 Gold EB, Bromberger J, Crawford S, et al. Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:865–74. 15 Evans WJ. What is sarcopenia? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995;50(Special Issue):5–8. 16 Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, Roberts SB, Kehayias JJ, Lipsitz LA, Evans WJ. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Eng J Med 1994;330:1769–75. 17 Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK and Poehlman ET. Effect of menopausal status on body compostion and abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:226–31. 18 Brincat M., Studd J. Skin and the Menopause. In: Mishell DR Jr ed. Menopause – Physiology and Pharmacology. Chicago, London: Year Book Medical Publ Inc, 1987;103. 19 Henneman DH. Effect of estrogen on in vivo and in vitro collagen biosynthesis and maturation in old and young female guinea pigs. Endocrinology 1968;83:678–90. 20 Sauerbronn AV, Fonseca AM, Bagnoli VR, Saldiva PH, Pinotti JA. The effects of systemic hormonal replacement therapy on the skin of postmenopausal women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;68(1):35–41.
21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 2000;35:107–17. 22 Pierard GE, Letawe C, Dowlati A, Pierard- Franchimont C. Effect of hormone replacement therapy for menopause on the mechanical properties of skin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:662–5. 23 Sator MO, Joura EA, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, Frigo P, Metka M, Hommer A, Huber JC. Treatment of menopausal keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical oestradiol. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:100–2. 24 Castelo-Branco C, Pons F, Gratacos E, Fortuny A, Vanrell JA, Gonzalez-Merlo J. Relationship between skin collagen and bone changes during aging. Maturitas 1994;18:199–206. 25 Holland EF, Studd JW, Mansell JP, Leather AT, Bailey AJ. Changes in collagen composition and crosslinks in bone and skin of osteoporotic postmenopausal women treated with percutaneous estradiol implants. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:180–3. 26 Wilbush J. La ménespausie—the birth of a syndrome. Maturitas 1979;1:145–51. 27 Marshall FHA. The physiology of reproduction. London: Longmans, 1910. 28 McKinlay SM, Bifano NL, McKinlay JB. Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:350–6. 29 Brambilla DJ, McKinlay SM, Johannes CB. Defining the perimenopause for application in epidemiologic investigations. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:1091–5. 30 W. Utian, press release of the Definition’s Group of the International Menopause Society. Members of the CAMS Definitions Committee: Dr. Utian, president (USA), Ronald Bossemeyer, M.D. (Brazil); Lorraine Dennerstein, Ph.D (Australia), Ulysse Gaspard, M.D., Ph.D (Belgium); Alkindar Soares, M.D. (Brazil), Regine Sitruk-Ware, M.D. (France; Andrea Genazzani, M.D., Ph.D (Italy); Hideao Honjo, M.D., Ph.D (Japan); Ko-En Huang, MF (Taiwan); Zephne van der Spuy, M.D. (South Africa); Bo von Schoultz, M.D. (Sweden); John Studd, M.D. (United Kingdom); Sherry Sherman, Ph.D (USA); and Ann Voda, RN, Ph.D, (USA), 1999. 31 Utian WH. The International Menopause Society menopause-related terminology definitions. Climacteric 1999;2:284–6. 32 Baker TG: A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1963;158:417. 33 Baker TG. Radiosensitivity of mammalian oocytes with particular reference to the human female. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;110:746–61. 34 Gougeon A, Echochard R, Thalabard JC. Age-related changes of the population of human ovarian follicles: increase in the disappearance rate of nongrowing and early-growing follicles in aging women. Biol Reprod 1994;50:653–63. 35 Döring GK. Üeber die relative Häufigkeit des anovulatorischen Cyclus im Leben der Frau. Arch Gynaekol 1963;199:115. 36 Vollmann RF. The menstrual cycle. In: Friedman E.A ed. Major Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol 7. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1977;19. 37 Treloar AE, Boynton RE, Behn BG, Brown BW. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil 1970;12:77–126. 38 Lenton EA, Landgren BM, Sexton L, Harper R. Normal variation in the length of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effect of chronological age. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91:681–4. 39 Klein NA, Battaglia DE, Fujimoto VY, Davis GS, Bremner WJ, Soules MR. Reproductive aging: accelerated ovarian follicular development associated with a monotropic follicle-stimulating hormone rise in normal older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1038–45. 40 Ahmed-Ebbiary NA, Lenton EA, Cooke ID. Hypothalamic-pituitary ageing: progressive increases in FSH and LH concentrations throughout the reproductive life in regularly menstruating women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:199–206. 41 Pearlstone AC, Fournet N, Gambone JC, Pang SC, Buyalos RP. Ovulation induction in women age 40 and older: the importance of basal follicle-stimulating hormone level and chronological age. Fertil Steril 1992;58:674–9. 42 Burger HG, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Shelley JM, Green A, Smith A, Dennerstein L, Morse C. The endocrinology of the menopausal transition: a cross-sectional study of a population-based sample. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3537–45. 39
Page 1:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
Page 4 and 5: CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
Page 6 and 7: Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associa
Page 8 and 9: Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
Page 10 and 11: Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
Page 15 and 16: PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
Page 23 and 24: symptom measures, cultural factors,
Page 25 and 26: 5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
Page 27 and 28: The atherogenic risk profile of old
Page 29 and 30: • Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
Page 31 and 32: tion of the remaining ridge in area
Page 33 and 34: 9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
Page 35 and 36: Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
Page 41 and 42: oped and are less prepared to addre
Page 43 and 44: FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
Page 45 and 46: Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
Page 47 and 48: Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
Page 49 and 50: decrease about 2 years before the F
Page 51 and 52: 4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
Page 53: to be under stress and to hold part
Page 57 and 58: 62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
Page 61 and 62: women who may have reached natural
Page 63 and 64: numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
Page 65 and 66: (47 percent), problems sleeping (39
Page 67 and 68: FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
Page 69 and 70: tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
Page 71 and 72: 5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
Page 73 and 74: to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
Page 75 and 76: REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
Page 77 and 78: 48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
Page 79: 92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
Page 82 and 83: Hällström wrote that the psycholo
Page 84 and 85: countries. Perhaps, as the authors
Page 86 and 87: Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
Page 88 and 89: ange of variables, such as genetic
Page 90 and 91: REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
Page 92 and 93: 47 George T. Women in a south India
Page 94 and 95: 9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
Page 96 and 97: HRT) display tissue-selective estro
Page 98 and 99: a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
Page 100 and 101: 3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
Page 102 and 103: 4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
Page 104 and 105:
in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
Page 106 and 107:
lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
Page 108 and 109:
7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
Page 110 and 111:
REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
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40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
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83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
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125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
Page 118 and 119:
169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
Page 120 and 121:
FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
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ound, the conformation of the recep
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with extremely potent estrogenic ac
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Its potency as an antiestrogen was
Page 128 and 129:
The observation that the degree of
Page 130 and 131:
findings were remarkable because a
Page 132 and 133:
Recently, the use of phage display
Page 134 and 135:
20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
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65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
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in their survey of postmenopausal w
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where over half the world’s popul
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The Danish study of Koster and Gard
Page 144 and 145:
Many studies of sexual interest in
Page 146 and 147:
7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
Page 148 and 149:
None of these studies evaluated the
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estrogen-androgen group during the
Page 152 and 153:
REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
Page 154 and 155:
52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
Page 156 and 157:
140
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outes of administration and differe
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FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
Page 162 and 163:
fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
Page 164 and 165:
TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
Page 166 and 167:
TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
Page 168 and 169:
TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
Page 170 and 171:
Interesting differences in atherosc
Page 172 and 173:
similar effects in both patients wi
Page 174 and 175:
a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
Page 176 and 177:
may account for a substantial propo
Page 178 and 179:
associated with an independent prot
Page 180 and 181:
eases preoperatively. Quality of li
Page 182 and 183:
excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
Page 184 and 185:
REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
Page 186 and 187:
36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan
Page 188 and 189:
79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
Page 190 and 191:
121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
Page 192 and 193:
162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jon
Page 194 and 195:
201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
Page 196 and 197:
243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
Page 198 and 199:
7. A connection between menopausal
Page 200 and 201:
3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
Page 202 and 203:
Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
Page 204 and 205:
density and has a favorable effect
Page 206 and 207:
How should this information be inco
Page 208 and 209:
emergence of proved treatment alter
Page 210 and 211:
Data on the relation between skelet
Page 212 and 213:
REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
Page 214 and 215:
42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
Page 216 and 217:
85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
Page 218 and 219:
130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
Page 220 and 221:
1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
Page 222 and 223:
for breast cancer are at increased
Page 224 and 225:
findings on biopsy in women with an
Page 226 and 227:
thra. Patients typically describe l
Page 228 and 229:
Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
Page 230 and 231:
There has been one systematic revie
Page 232 and 233:
ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
Page 234 and 235:
21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
Page 236 and 237:
65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
Page 238 and 239:
222
Page 240 and 241:
1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
Page 242 and 243:
difficult to compare because of com
Page 244 and 245:
Although HRT has been related to an
Page 246 and 247:
cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
Page 248 and 249:
TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
Page 250 and 251:
TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
Page 258 and 259:
When the same women in NSABP were r
Page 260 and 261:
REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
Page 262 and 263:
47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
Page 264 and 265:
93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
Page 266 and 267:
139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
Page 268 and 269:
1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
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inverse relation with nonverbal mem
Page 272 and 273:
ease decreased significantly with i
Page 274 and 275:
of households selected to be repres
Page 276 and 277:
standard antipsychotic drugs increa
Page 278 and 279:
5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
Page 280 and 281:
19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow D
Page 282 and 283:
64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
Page 284 and 285:
114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
Page 286 and 287:
162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
Page 288 and 289:
patients with strong personal convi
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Therefore, convincing evidence of t
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3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
Page 294 and 295:
278 lower dosages of estrogen will
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• Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
Page 298 and 299:
Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
Page 300 and 301:
284 persists but is less steep in w
Page 302 and 303:
5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
Page 304 and 305:
• There is no clinical trial evid
Page 306 and 307:
Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
Page 308 and 309:
Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
Page 310 and 311:
Dementia and Mental Health Forette
Page 312 and 313:
CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
Page 314 and 315:
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
Page 316:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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