WOMEN 'S HEALTH AND MENOPAUSE : - National Heart, Lung ...

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Dementia and Mental Health Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebocontrolled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998;352:1347–1351. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Miller BL, et al. Estrogen for Alzheimer’s disease in women: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2000;54:295–301. Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of ginkgo biloba for dementia. JAMA 1997;278:1327–1332. LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2001;285:1489–1499. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer Disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;283:1007–1015. 294 Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W. Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebocontrolled trial with a 6-month extension. Neurology 2000;54:2261–2268. Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, et al. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1998;50:136–145. Rösler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: international randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1999;318:633–640. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216–1222. Wang PN, Liao SQ, Liu RS, et al. Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: a controlled study. Neurology 2000;54:2061–2066. Yaffe K, Krueger K, Sarkar S, et al. Cognitive function in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1207–1213.
14. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACC American College of Cardiology ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS acute coronary syndromes ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone AF–1 activation function 1 AF–2 activation function 2 AHA American <strong>Heart</strong> Association AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy and Research AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AIRE Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy AP1 Activated Protein 1 AR androgen receptor ArKO aromatase knockout ATP Adult Treatment Panel AVP anteroventral periventricular nucleus BARI Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation BCDDP Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project BERKO ERβ knockout BMC bone mineral content BMD bone mineral density BMI body mass index CABG coronary artery bypass graph CAD coronary artery disease CAMS Council of Affiliated Menopause Societies CAST Chinese Acute Stroke Trial CBP CREB binding protein CEE conjugated equine estrogen ChAT choline acetyl transferase CHD coronary heart disease CI confidence interval CNS central nervous system CONSENSUS-I Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study CPS-II Cancer Prevention Study II 295
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Ins
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CHAIRS AND EDITORS Chair and Editor
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Anne McTiernan, M.D., Ph.D. Associa
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Lenore Manderson, Ph.D. Director an
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Michael Mendelsohn, M.D. Director,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface XIII 1 Ex
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PREFACE Women’s health and menopa
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CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nanett
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TABLE 1-1 Evidence Categories Evide
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TABLE 1-2 (continued) Possible Bene
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symptom measures, cultural factors,
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5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESTROGEN A
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The atherogenic risk profile of old
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• Hormone replacement therapy: Fi
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tion of the remaining ridge in area
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9.3.1 Interventions • In many cas
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Parkinson’s disease, no overall p
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TABLE 1-3 (continued) Sexuality •
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CHAPTER 2: THE MENOPAUSE AND AGING
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oped and are less prepared to addre
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FIGURE 2-4 Diabetes Mellitus. Estim
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Sarcopenia, defined as reduced musc
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Perimenopause WHO The term “perim
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decrease about 2 years before the F
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4.3 Menstrually Defined Menopausal
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to be under stress and to hold part
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21 Brincat MP. Hormone replacement
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62 Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL
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CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS AND THE MENOPAU
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women who may have reached natural
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numb-tingling feelings, headaches,
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(47 percent), problems sleeping (39
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FIGURE 3-2 Proportion of Women Both
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tomized hypogonadotropic women expe
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5.1 Exercise It has been suggested
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to consume 20-150 mg/day of isoflav
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REFERENCES 1 Stewart AL, Hays RD, W
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48 Avis NE, Crawford SL, McKinlay S
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92 Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonacco
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Hällström wrote that the psycholo
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countries. Perhaps, as the authors
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Beyene used a systematic ethnograph
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ange of variables, such as genetic
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REFERENCES 1 Gannon L, Ekstrom B. A
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47 George T. Women in a south India
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9. Estrogen and inhibins produced b
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HRT) display tissue-selective estro
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a partial agonist. In contrast, wit
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3. UROGENITAL TRACT ERα and ERβ a
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4. BONE: DEVELOPMENT AND HOMEOSTASI
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in response to estrogen. 106,105 In
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lation of sleep, motor behavior, an
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7. HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: TRA
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REFERENCES 1 Jensen EV, Jacobsen HI
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40 Power RF, Mani SK, Codina J, Con
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83 Oursler MJ, Pederson L, Fitzpatr
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125 Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, F
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169 Renier MA, Vereecken A, Buytaer
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FIGURE 6-1 Structural features of E
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ound, the conformation of the recep
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with extremely potent estrogenic ac
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Its potency as an antiestrogen was
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The observation that the degree of
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findings were remarkable because a
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Recently, the use of phage display
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20 Crawley G. Non steroidal estroge
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65 Qu Q, Zheng H, Dahllund J, et al
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in their survey of postmenopausal w
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where over half the world’s popul
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The Danish study of Koster and Gard
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Many studies of sexual interest in
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7. ASSESSING SEXUAL ACTIVITY Clinic
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None of these studies evaluated the
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estrogen-androgen group during the
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REFERENCES 1 Sarrel PM, Whitehead M
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52 Utian WH. The true clinical feat
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140
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outes of administration and differe
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FIGURE 8-2 Change in Age-Adjusted D
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fied as overweight or obese. 32 The
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TABLE 8-1 148 Guide to Risk Reducti
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TABLE 8-1 (continued) 150 Recommend
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TABLE 8-1 (continued) 152 Recommend
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Interesting differences in atherosc
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similar effects in both patients wi
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a lowering of triglycerides, 140 an
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may account for a substantial propo
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associated with an independent prot
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eases preoperatively. Quality of li
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excess risk of 6-18 per 10,000 per
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REFERENCES 1 NHLBI Morbidity and Mo
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36 Samaras K, Hayward CS, Sullivan
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79 Collins P, Rosano GM, Jiang C, L
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121 Mäkelä S, Savolainen H, Aavik
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162 Clarke S, Kelleher H, Lloyd-Jon
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201 Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grun
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243 Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriqu
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7. A connection between menopausal
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3. PATHOGENESIS OF FRACTURE Fractur
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Diagnosis of osteoporosis according
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density and has a favorable effect
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How should this information be inco
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emergence of proved treatment alter
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Data on the relation between skelet
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REFERENCES 1 Osteoporosis Preventio
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42 Gluer CC. Quantitative ultrasoun
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85 Ettinger B, Pressman A, Silver P
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130 Jeffcoat MK, Lewis CE, Reddy M,
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1. INTRODUCTION Perimenopausal wome
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for breast cancer are at increased
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findings on biopsy in women with an
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thra. Patients typically describe l
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Biofeedback: Used in conjunction wi
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There has been one systematic revie
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ence in pelvic organ prolapse. The
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21 Ferenczy A. Endometrial carcinom
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65 Wyman JF, Fantl JA, McClish DK,
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222
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1. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, breast c
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difficult to compare because of com
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Although HRT has been related to an
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cyclic use and 2.9 (95 percent CI 2
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TABLE 11-3 Selected Studies on Horm
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TABLE 11-3 (continued) Thus, a stro
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TABLE 11-4 236 Cohort Studies on Ho
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TABLE 11-5 238 Case-Control Studies
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TABLE 11-5 (continued) 240 Adjustme
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When the same women in NSABP were r
Page 260 and 261: REFERENCES 1 Pisani P, Parkin DM, B
Page 262 and 263: 47 Day NE. Epidemiology: the role o
Page 264 and 265: 93 Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE,
Page 266 and 267: 139 Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negr
Page 268 and 269: 1. INTRODUCTION Menopause is associ
Page 270 and 271: inverse relation with nonverbal mem
Page 272 and 273: ease decreased significantly with i
Page 274 and 275: of households selected to be repres
Page 276 and 277: standard antipsychotic drugs increa
Page 278 and 279: 5. FUTURE NEEDS • Explore the pos
Page 280 and 281: 19 Berman KF, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow D
Page 282 and 283: 64 Lerner A, Koss E, Debanne S, Row
Page 284 and 285: 114 Smith R, Studd JW. A pilot stud
Page 286 and 287: 162 Klein BE. Lens opacities in wom
Page 288 and 289: patients with strong personal convi
Page 290 and 291: Therefore, convincing evidence of t
Page 292 and 293: 3.1.1 Risk Factors Many factors are
Page 294 and 295: 278 lower dosages of estrogen will
Page 296 and 297: • Diabetes: Women with diabetes b
Page 298 and 299: Lipids and lipoproteins • LDL cho
Page 300 and 301: 284 persists but is less steep in w
Page 302 and 303: 5.2.3 Pharmacotherapy Breast Cancer
Page 304 and 305: • There is no clinical trial evid
Page 306 and 307: Sirtori CR, Pazzucconi F, Colombo L
Page 308 and 309: Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers
Page 312 and 313: CRP C-reactive protein CT computed
Page 314 and 315: PTCA percutaneous transluminal coro
Page 316: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
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