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How to develop an online community for pre-service and early career teachers? Nick Kelly University of Southern Queensland Queensland University of Technology Marc Clarà University of Lleida Marlene Pratt Queensland University of Technology This paper contributes a number of design principles for developing large-scale online communities of pre-service and early career teachers (PS&ECTs). It presents the paradigms of connected learning, networked learning and communities of practice and contrasts them. It describes the potential for online communities to meet the needs of PS&ECTs and it identifies gaps that exist within certain types of existing online communities that currently support PS&ECTs. The paper proposes design principles for a new type of online community for PS&ECTs. These principles are drawn from the literature and from the preliminary outcomes of a pilot study. Keywords: teacher education, online community, early career, pre-service, design based research, connected learning, networked learning, community of practice Why an online community for teachers? There are many challenges to beginning a career as a teacher (Veenman, 1984). Support during this period of transition into service is critical and is particularly useful in the form of mentoring and induction programs (DeAngelis, Wall, & Che, 2013; Ingersoll & Strong, 2011). Online communities are a form of support that have the potential to stimulate collegiality between pre-service and early career teachers (PS&ECTs) (Herrington, Herrington, Kervin, & Ferry, 2006; Kelly, 2013). This paper aims to present design principles from ongoing 1 design-based research aimed at creating an online community of PS&ECTs across multiple institutions in the state of Queensland (Kelly, Reushle, Chakrabarty, & Kinnane, 2014). It is structured by presenting theoretical background and the argument for why there is a need to design and develop a new type of community for PS&ECTs; and then articulating strategies for how to develop such a community. There have been a number of recent attempts to augment the support for pre-service and early career teacher with the formation of online communities (e.g. Herrington et al., 2006; Lee & Brett, 2013; Lin, Lin, & Huang, 2008; Maher, Sanber, Cameron, Keys, & Vallance, 2013). Such attempts typically adopt one of three complementary paradigms, each of which make a commitment to valuing the connectedness between learners: (online) communities of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, White, & Smith, 2009), connected learning (Ito et al., 2013) and networked learning (Goodyear, Banks, Hodgson, & McConnell, 2004). In this work we will refer to online communities with an understanding that they can be viewed through any or all of these lenses which place the emphasis respectively (and arguably, given the diversity of views that each term has come to represent) upon: • (communities of practice) The cultural norms and collaborative relationships that emerge within a group of practitioners with common purpose, where “communities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly” (Wenger, 2011). • (connected learning) The open nature of learning in a connected world allows for learning to be authentic and linked with society beyond classroom walls to promote interest and hence learning, where connected learning is “embedded within meaningful practices and supportive relationships” and is committed to recognising “diverse pathways and forms of knowledge and expertise” (Ito et al., 2013) • (networked learning) Learning is understood to take place through connections of learner-learner and learner-resource and this connectedness can be greatly enhanced through technology, where networked learning is “learning in which ICT is used to promote connections between one learner and other learners; between learners and tutors; between a learning community and its learning resources” (Goodyear et al., 2004) 1 For details of the ongoing project see http://www.stepup.edu.au 486 CP:134
In short, research in these paradigms has shown that online communities of members with a shared practice can be extremely useful. They bring together in one place the people that a practitioner is likely to draw upon for questions about practice. They support the creation of such connections. Through interaction, they facilitate the development of rich stores of (third person, represented) knowledge that is accessible to all members. Whilst online communities can be a part of formal education or professional development, they are often informal. Globally, there has been a trend towards the adoption of online communities in which the term social network has become the successor to ‘Web 2.0’ (boyd & Ellison, 2007). Many professions and groups of practitioners now have online communities associated with them; and some have even transformed the nature of the practice associated with them (e.g. Mamykina, Manoim, Mittal, Hripcsak, & Hartmann, 2011). Large scale communities (with hundreds, thousands or even millions of members) offer the potential for facilitating valuable connections within the profession. This may be between members (e.g. a beginning teacher in a remote school might be connected with another beginning teacher in a similar situation) or between members and resources – the larger the network, the more likely that the individuals or resources needed can be found. There is, however, a trade-off with social presence and engagement being challenging to achieve in larger communities (Clará, Kelly, Mauri, & Danaher, In press). In this context, our argument is that large scale online communities have much potential to support PS&ECTs that is yet to be fulfilled. Firstly, what are the needs that PS&ECTs have from an online community? Six categories for the ways in which teachers can support one another online can be drawn following the work of Clarke, Triggs, and Nielsen (2014): (i) supporting reflection; (ii) modeling practice; (iii) convening relationships; (iv) advocating practical solutions; (v) promoting socialisation within the profession; and (vi) giving feedback. Many existing platforms that are used by PS&ECTs successfully enable teachers to convene relations, promote socialisation and advocate the practical. However, there is a dearth of large scale sites (i.e. more than 200 users) that promote reflection, feedback and modelling of practice. This is perhaps due to teachers feeling a need for privacy (a closed online space), trust (in other members of the community) and some kind of stability (in membership of that community) that is not met by the current generation of large scale online communities of PS&ECTs (Clará et al., In press). Early results from current work by the authors analysing the interactions of teachers in Facebook supports this hypothesis. There are many existing large scale online communities for teachers within Australia, however none fills all of these needs of PS&ECTs. Whilst an empirical survey of these communities is required to fully substantiate this claim, some types of online community available in Australia can be identified, Table 1, and limitations based upon anecdotal evidence described. “Scootle Community” is a national, government funded site that appears to have low levels of engagement and social presence amongst users, with low level activity on the site given the pool of potential users, possibly due to a lack of stability (constantly changing users), privacy (all data is owned by the government and is visible to all members) and, hence, trust. The Queensland state government supported site “The Learning Place” comes closest of the examples given to fulfilling the potential of online communities to meet PS&ECT needs. It has high levels of activity, with many widely-used resources that are the focus of discussion and for facilitating connections between users. However, the state government (who also employ many of the teachers using the site) owns the data and is heavily visible through logos and announcements on the site. This, along with broad visibility in most sections of the site, might be limiting trust for users of the site to share details of practice. There is little evidence of teachers developing the close connections needed for reflecting on practice, providing feedback or modelling practice (however, this may be occurring in private channels of communication). Many groups of PS&ECTs have arisen on the commercial platform “Facebook” (and similarly on “EdModo”). Some groups are visible and massive, whilst many are small and private. There is much variation between groups, however they have in common that: (i) the knowledge developed by the community is not searchable or reusable and, hence, is lost; and (ii) each new group springing up begins anew, losing the benefits of having a large established community. Many teacher education institutions also have their own intra-institutional online communities that can often support highly engaged, collegial support – however they are limited in size, cannot facilitate cross-institutional networks and are susceptible to fluctuating support from their host institutions (e.g. funding changes or key staff leaving). 487 CP:135
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ascilite2015 Australasian Society f
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To type or handwrite: student's exp
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Concise papers Learning maps: A des
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The three pillars to building staff
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Posters Metacognitive Development i
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Discussion Papers Decisions and des
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The Conceived, the Perceived and th
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concentration of evaluations being
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“I just felt like we skimmed over
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Figure 3: Student Infographic Proto
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Learning design for science teacher
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existing teaching practice with tec
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the module, 7% said they had heard,
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Calculus 1, 2014 (undergraduat e, 5
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ambitions towards educational techn
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Tensions and turning points: explor
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Virtual Learning Environment Teachi
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• Virtual Learning Environment
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newsroom role-playing scenario requ
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Lisa’s fourth turning point event
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vertically in that the lecturer may
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Navigate Me: maximising student pot
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improve academic outcomes, rather t
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Figure 4: Part of an action plan Fr
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Most common issues One useful produ
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communication/assessment and assist
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Designing an authentic professional
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for designing authentic learning en
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Bannan (2010) proposes a simpler fo
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An overview of CMALT requirements W
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students. From the roof, the overal
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Bruns, A. (2007, March 21-23). Beyo
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Investigating the effectiveness of
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labile, and diachronic interaction,
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learning. It was thought that this
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Table 2: Summary of questionnaire r
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the material (E) my colleagues (S)
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co-construction of knowledge by sup
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Community volunteers in collaborati
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Induction and persistence How are v
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Figure 1: Contributions made in gen
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such acts as mentorship: One is the
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established a record of high qualit
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the OERu project or similar open de
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A ‘participant first’ approach
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five ways in which learning resourc
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Participant Perspective Consider yo
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key focus was on designing tasks th
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Management System, the primary tool
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Jordan, K. (2015). MOOC completion
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new pedagogical methods to engage t
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een perceived to be boring, with lo
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accounting concepts to others. Post
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the one model provided by the resea
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workplace. A further graduate attri
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Moy, J. (1999). The Impact of gener
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provider to understand the dependen
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• In the first semester of their
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Age at Course Start 22.98 4.3 >99.9
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3 1 Figure 4. Attrition Rate: (Top)
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New applications, new global audien
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The modality of game-based learning
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3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Education Other H
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Machinima is being utilised to supp
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a lack of support from many institu
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2015). There are new hardware and s
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Gregory, S., Gregory, B., Wood, D.,
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studies have found that university
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Importantly, TEL is a broad term an
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needs, etc.). Educators create digi
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could take the form of authorities
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To type or handwrite: student's exp
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Phase 1 Institution wide online sur
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There were just over 200 students (
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exam questions for computerisation,
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students on these two issues by cou
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from http://educationtechnologysolu
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Predictors of students’ perceived
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Lim, Morris, and Yoon (2006) sugges
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The questionnaire was pilot tested
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** p < .001 - a This parameter was
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Among the four exogenous variables,
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influence on perceived course outco
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5(3), 255-269. Marks, R. B., Sibley
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and continuously evaluate the deliv
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supporting teachers in the transiti
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etween other VET schools and the co
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sharing of the tasks, and their pee
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learning. Digital education has led
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McLoughlin, C. (2013). Teacher prof
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advancing learning analytics (Dawso
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contact students. Additionally, we
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Figure 4: Screenshot of part of the
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Change The IRAC framework allowed u
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Mazza, R., Bettoni, M., Faré, M.,
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misconceptions (e.g. Lehman, D'Mell
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understanding of the material on th
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Excited Interested Co
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Results The participants in the sim
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The two studies presented here were
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The author(s) assign a Creative Com
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approach which focuses on documenti
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within the context of their assessm
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perceptions of the use of technolog
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frequently than library databases.
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Figure 1: Sample of technology mapp
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Conclusion In contrast with other s
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Yorke, M. (2003). Formative assessm
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Erickson, Greer, & Gutwin, 2011), e
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higher than the Australian universi
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educators must be careful to offer
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Miles, C.A. (2015). Strong and incr
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in formal online education. To do s
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week analysis for the 8-week 3 cour
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First Quartile 1 1 Median 1 1 Mean
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participation. Similar to Gilliani
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Coffrin, C., Corrin, L., de Barba,
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Designing for relatedness: learning
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inquiry. This collaborative yarning
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online in the LMS until connections
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each other in educational environme
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Figure 2: Evaluation of Components
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Conclusion The experience of Aborig
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Torche, F., & Valenzuela, E. (2011)
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types of content and new models of
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ased on real journalism content 10
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efficiently access the key literatu
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systems. These initiatives are valu
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Ren, X. (2013). Beyond open access:
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within a constructivist framework (
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library, learning centers and couns
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testing occurs beyond that? What is
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Interdisciplinary opportunities and
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interdisciplinary project that aime
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J F M A M J J A S O N D 2014 Academ
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also vital. Achieving the correct b
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odies. Moreover, attracting enough
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Paving the way for institution wide
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Activity (Workshop) Description and
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Keyboard The physical keyboard is a
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• Annotating diagrams • Ability
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Conclusion This project demonstrate
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MyCourseMap: an interactive visual
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Figure 1: MyCourseMap visual overvi
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The tool has particular applicabili
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11. Media gallery 10. Graduate attr
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Barriers or challenges. actually go
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Figure 8: The unit information page
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Standing on the shoulders of others
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designer employed by La Trobe Unive
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student interaction are essential c
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Figure 2: Weekly learning design se
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The current [template] speaks clear
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Weaver, D, Robbie, D, Kokonis, S &
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Background Learning analytics The r
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and conducted workshops as the proj
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• Communication (email, Facebook,
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180 Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthl
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Relevance and comprehensiveness of
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Further Information More informatio
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Virtual worlds have great potential
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conceptual understanding, and (3) m
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Figure 5: Map and Hints of the VW E
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All quiz questions are saved in a X
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Gütl, C. (2011). The Support of Vi
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Remote Access Laboratories for Prep
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een derived from the STEBI-B (Enoch
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15 Students’ achievement in techn
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RALfie offers both hands-on and onl
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and non-user groups and efforts hav
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Maxwell, A. D., Orwin, L., Kist, A.
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To evaluate the feasibility of usin
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their observed behaviour. Towards t
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study and help them adapt to a new
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main student concern, there are add
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Information delivered through the a
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Learning maps: A design-based appro
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4 Integrative • Mixed research me
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Dede, C. (2004). If design-based re
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LAK demonstrates a great deal of co
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Experiences from early reusability
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The future of practice-based resear
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1.1. Consider factoring in control
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3. Consider the research questions
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Features of an online English langu
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Figure 2: Embedded Matbury’s MP3
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References Ayres, P., & Sweller, J.
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that will provoke a specific kind o
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Preliminary results The study is on
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Using expectation confirmation theo
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Findings and Discussion The data an
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Fawcett, S. L. (2002). Group gaming
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visualization affects learning but
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Demonstrate the ability to construc
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Implementing blended learning at fa
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Exploring approaches taken at other
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But, J. & Shobbrook, R. (2012). Web
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potential of social media in educat
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Another tweet included a photo of t
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Teachers Cloud-based Content Creati
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Deviation CBLD? 1. Learning Outcome
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McGee, P., & Reis, A. (2012). Blend
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The Next Wave of learning Innovatio
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than a static system / website / mo
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Loop: A learning analytics tool to
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Figure 1: The Loop tool dashboard f
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efore it is released as an open sou
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programmed through freely available
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In addition to this experiment, at
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An investigation of blended learnin
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Results The experiences of learning
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Chan, S. (1999). The Chinese learne
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ambiguous nature of discussion post
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Discussion Linking assessment to on
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Digital Futures research and societ
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challenges of specifying real-world
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Hemsley-Brown, J., & Sharp, C. (200
Page 435 and 436: is taking digital technologies into
Page 437 and 438: The Making the Connection project t
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Page 441 and 442: (2014, p.19). New business models f
Page 443 and 444: Table 3. Badges on lifelong learnin
Page 445 and 446: The Agile Learning Model: Using big
Page 447 and 448: Preliminary results Methodology A p
Page 449 and 450: (e.g. students that were directed t
Page 451 and 452: It has been predicted that “by th
Page 453 and 454: including: timely access to teacher
Page 455 and 456: Occupational Medicine Simulation Pr
Page 457 and 458: just being presented with a data sh
Page 459 and 460: Gustafson, P. (2001). Meanings of p
Page 461 and 462: This exploratory research step focu
Page 463 and 464: Week 3 of the course. Figure 2: Acc
Page 465 and 466: A pedagogical end game for exams: a
Page 467 and 468: that a bachelor degree is the new h
Page 469 and 470: However, this vision is not pie-in-
Page 471 and 472: Are Higher Education Institutions P
Page 473 and 474: Method Design In order to reach a l
Page 475 and 476: of LA frameworks and on expected be
Page 477 and 478: Talented, and Learning and Behaviou
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Page 481 and 482: Measuring creativity in collaborati
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Page 485: And how does this creativity become
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Page 493 and 494: Results The analysis of the observa
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Page 497 and 498: A digital what? Creating a playspac
Page 499 and 500: As of writing, plans are underway t
Page 501 and 502: Lamond, H. & Rowatt, A.J. (2015). A
Page 503 and 504: Furthermore, staff PD in digital te
Page 505 and 506: Figure 1: Expert Review of Peer Rev
Page 507 and 508: Developing Self-Regulated Learning
Page 509 and 510: Technological Structure The underly
Page 511 and 512: analytics-functionality-and-wirefra
Page 513 and 514: model of professional learning that
Page 515 and 516: ecognition of their teaching in a t
Page 517 and 518: Connecting fun and learning- an act
Page 519 and 520: Figure 1. Engestrom's Activity Syst
Page 521 and 522: pedagogical and technological barri
Page 523 and 524: (e.g. Graesser et al., 2005), it ca
Page 525 and 526: ability to perform well on a test a
Page 527 and 528: Exploring my university students’
Page 529 and 530: 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% created a
Page 531 and 532: Miller, M. D. (2014). Online Learni
Page 533 and 534: component, evaluation that connects
Page 535 and 536: not be enough to encourage its wide
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Benchmarking for technology enhance
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Findings groups to try and streamli
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Author, M. (2014a). Benchmarking fo
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uploaded document with consistent m
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Promoting Critical Thinking in a La
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Table 1: Overview Summary of How In
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and post-exam online surveys were a
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Seow, T.K. & Soong, S.K.A. (2015).
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family and friends to help them. Di
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Upon completion of the unit, studen
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Blended Learning Adoption Monitorin
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for each stage are listed as Strate
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References Alammary, A., Sheard, J.
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environment), and (3) civic engagem
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Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential le
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Freitas, 2006; Fröding & Peterson,
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The research methodologies appropri
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Teräs, H. (2014). Collaborative on
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Upon completion of a learning activ
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Figure 3: Drag and drop application
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Pre-service teachers’ reflections
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like the Renaissance, and the teach
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from http://www.researchgate.net/pu
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concept of summer learning loss. Th
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Figure 2: Relationships between Cou
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Webby, B., Quinn, D., Albrecht, A.,
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The University’s Approach to a Le
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Figure 2: Draft CSU Learning Analyt
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Dreaming of Electric Sheep: CSU’s
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student learning. Furthermore, many
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something that is done by the “da
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SkillBox: a pilot study Rachel Anne
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agree, A=agree, N=neutral, D=disagr
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Whitsed, R.A. & Parker, J. (2015).
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critical theory and feminist studie
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connectedness between individual an
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Description of proposed interventio
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Kaufman & L. Li (Eds.), Routledge i
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Matthews, A., Aggarwal, R., and Lim
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Schau, C., & Mattern, N. (1997). Us
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eight of the nine interviewees in a
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communicate proposals, plans, compa
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Creating concept vignettes as a mod
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Preparing Students for Future Learn
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References Association for the Adva
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The use of rubrics for the assessme
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Developing an online challenge-base
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Let’s Talk Learning Analytics and
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Experiential Learning in Accounting
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The CSU Online Learning model Tim K
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MOOCs as spaces to innovate Alison
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In terms of educational uses, the l
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The framework At the University of
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Enhancing Workplace Learning throug
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Figure 2: GPS for WPL structure Con
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The success of this new support mod
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Acknowledgement Supported by the Di
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Discussion Who owns learning? Educa
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Pawlaczek, Z. & Allan, G. (2015). D
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These divergent student perceptions
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Connecting or constructing academic
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define one academic literacy for al
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Learning, 12(3), 139-160. Retrieved
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Data collection The seven case stud
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share their own experiences in orde
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of Goals-Signals-Metrics as columns
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material, perform self-assessment t
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Many educational technology researc
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non-technical users can participate
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particularly in the early stages. T
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Williams, T., Kaui,T. & Ernst, J. (
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Campbell & Oblinger, 2007; Clow, 20
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Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., & Ha
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sine qua non of LA, and a recent co
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Lodge, J., & Lewis, M. (2012). Pige
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academic referencing system Sente 6
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Norton, A. (2012). Mapping Australi
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How new teaching methods affect our
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Calderon, O., Ginsberg, A., Ciabocc
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thus enabling libraries to learn ab
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Formulating research questions whic
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as well as examples of each element
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the learning materials are presente
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activity results in a collaborative
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the definition, not the technology.
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in researching and developing teach
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2. Examples of open scholarship net
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#NPF14LMD Learners and Mobile Devic
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Adrienne Moyle Academic Advisor wit
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Easing into mobile learning Angela
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Clinical Logs: Best Practices in th
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Digitally enabled learning through
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Using interactive multimedia for
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References Barbezat, D., & Bush, M.
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ascilite 2015 Reviewers Reem Abu As
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Kulari Lokuge Dona Swinburne Univer
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