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Enhancing Queensland Pre-service Teachers’ Self-efficacy to Teach STEM By the Use of Remote Access Laboratories: A Mixed Methods Study Ting, Wu University of Southern Queensland Education for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is acknowledged as a priority around the world. However, many primary and secondary teachers are inadequately prepared for teaching STEM because of their limited exposure in their own schooling and teacher preparation. The Remote Access Laboratories for Fun, Innovation and Education (RALfie) project offer opportunities to provide a variety of STEM experiences available to students and teachers in schools, especially those in remote locations. They also have potential for influencing teachers’ self-efficacy to teach STEM by building up their capacities and capabilities to teach technologies. The mixed methods research is investigating how engagement with RALfie influence teachers’ selfefficacy for teaching STEM. Keywords: Self-efficacy, Remote Access Laboratories, STEM Overview The Remote Access Laboratories for Fun, Innovation and Education (RALfie) project aims to develop children’s Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) concepts whilst fostering a positive attitude towards STEM learning. RALfie is creating a learning environment and the associated technical systems to offer low cost RAL, using tools such as the Lego Mindstorms EV3 Programmable Brick, and share them with other learners online. Others can use the RAL creating two types of participants: Makers and Users of RAL. This study focused on a trial of the system with Pre- Service Teachers (PSTs) who worked with hands-on and online experiments. In the Maker Event, PSTs used Lego to build an experiment and then connect it to the RALfie environment using the interface called a RALfie Box. They also connected IP cameras to the RALfie Box allowing remote viewing of the experiment in action. A web-based interface enabled remote control. PSTs were then able to view the experiment and control it remotely. For the User Event, the RALfie team designed four online experiments which enabled PSTs to access STEM experiments remotely. This research is about Queensland pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy to teach technology. Remote Access Laboratories (RAL) is being used as a vehicle to influence pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy to teach technology. The main research question is to investigate in what ways engagement with Remote Access Labs influences pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy to teach STEM content. Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977) is the conceptual framework in this research. Self-efficacy beliefs are derived from four principal sources of information, namely enactive mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological and emotional status. Based on Bandura’s theory, the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI-B) was developed for pre-service teachers (Enochs & Riggs, 1990). This research modifies the STEBI-B for use as the Technology Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (T-TEBI). Mixed methods were used to collect data. Participants were pre-service STEM teachers at the University of Southern Queensland. They study a technology course in which RAL activities were used as part of the course. The pre-test and post-test of the T-TEBI surveys were analysed to trace changes in their self-efficacy. Interview was used to investigate in what ways engagement with RAL influences their self-efficacy. The outcome of this research is to investigate the effects on primary and secondary pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy to teach technology in schools using RALfie. Teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about their capability to teach STEM have a great impact on students’ attitudes and achievements in STEM learning. This research extends the application of self-efficacy in the RAL context. It expands the understanding of relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and their capacity for teaching STEM. It will also inform the ways of impacting and influencing pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy using RAL as a vehicle. 650 P:43
Acknowledgement Supported by the Digital Futures (CRN) Project funded through the Australian Government's Collaborative Research Networks Program. RALfie team members:Dr Alexander Kist, Prof Peter Albion, Dr Andrew Maxwell, Dr Lindy Orwin, Mr Ananda Maiti and Ms Wu Ting. QR code for RALfie’s CoLLAB website: RALfie YouTube videos: Contact us by email: ralfie@usq.edu.au Visit the websites RALfie Research Project: research.ralfie.org and the RALfie’s CoLLAB: ralfie.org References Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 Enochs, L. G., & Riggs, I. M. (1990). Further development of an elementary science teaching efficacy belief instrument: A preservice elementary scale. School Science and Mathematics, 90(8), 694- 706. doi: 10.1111/j.1949-8594.1990.tb12048.x Wu, T. (2015). Enhancing Queensland Pre-service Teachers’ Self-efficacy to Teach STEM By the Use of Remote Access Laboratories: A Mixed Methods Study. In T. Reiners, B.R. von Konsky, D. Gibson, V. Chang, L. Irving, & K. Clarke (Eds.), Globally connected, digitally enabled. Proceedings ascilite 2015 in Perth (pp. P:43-P:44). Note: All published papers are refereed, having undergone a double-blind peer-review process. 651 P:44
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ascilite2015 Australasian Society f
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To type or handwrite: student's exp
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Concise papers Learning maps: A des
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The three pillars to building staff
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Posters Metacognitive Development i
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Discussion Papers Decisions and des
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The Conceived, the Perceived and th
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concentration of evaluations being
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“I just felt like we skimmed over
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Figure 3: Student Infographic Proto
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Learning design for science teacher
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existing teaching practice with tec
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the module, 7% said they had heard,
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Calculus 1, 2014 (undergraduat e, 5
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ambitions towards educational techn
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Tensions and turning points: explor
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Virtual Learning Environment Teachi
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• Virtual Learning Environment
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newsroom role-playing scenario requ
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Lisa’s fourth turning point event
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vertically in that the lecturer may
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Navigate Me: maximising student pot
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improve academic outcomes, rather t
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Figure 4: Part of an action plan Fr
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Most common issues One useful produ
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communication/assessment and assist
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Designing an authentic professional
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for designing authentic learning en
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Bannan (2010) proposes a simpler fo
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An overview of CMALT requirements W
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students. From the roof, the overal
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Bruns, A. (2007, March 21-23). Beyo
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Investigating the effectiveness of
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labile, and diachronic interaction,
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learning. It was thought that this
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Table 2: Summary of questionnaire r
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the material (E) my colleagues (S)
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co-construction of knowledge by sup
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Community volunteers in collaborati
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Induction and persistence How are v
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Figure 1: Contributions made in gen
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such acts as mentorship: One is the
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established a record of high qualit
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the OERu project or similar open de
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A ‘participant first’ approach
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five ways in which learning resourc
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Participant Perspective Consider yo
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key focus was on designing tasks th
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Management System, the primary tool
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Jordan, K. (2015). MOOC completion
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new pedagogical methods to engage t
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een perceived to be boring, with lo
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accounting concepts to others. Post
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the one model provided by the resea
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workplace. A further graduate attri
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Moy, J. (1999). The Impact of gener
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provider to understand the dependen
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• In the first semester of their
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Age at Course Start 22.98 4.3 >99.9
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3 1 Figure 4. Attrition Rate: (Top)
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New applications, new global audien
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The modality of game-based learning
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3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Education Other H
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Machinima is being utilised to supp
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a lack of support from many institu
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2015). There are new hardware and s
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Gregory, S., Gregory, B., Wood, D.,
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studies have found that university
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Importantly, TEL is a broad term an
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needs, etc.). Educators create digi
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could take the form of authorities
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To type or handwrite: student's exp
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Phase 1 Institution wide online sur
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There were just over 200 students (
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exam questions for computerisation,
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students on these two issues by cou
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from http://educationtechnologysolu
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Predictors of students’ perceived
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Lim, Morris, and Yoon (2006) sugges
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The questionnaire was pilot tested
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** p < .001 - a This parameter was
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Among the four exogenous variables,
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influence on perceived course outco
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5(3), 255-269. Marks, R. B., Sibley
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and continuously evaluate the deliv
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supporting teachers in the transiti
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etween other VET schools and the co
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sharing of the tasks, and their pee
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learning. Digital education has led
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McLoughlin, C. (2013). Teacher prof
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advancing learning analytics (Dawso
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contact students. Additionally, we
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Figure 4: Screenshot of part of the
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Change The IRAC framework allowed u
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Mazza, R., Bettoni, M., Faré, M.,
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misconceptions (e.g. Lehman, D'Mell
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understanding of the material on th
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Excited Interested Co
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Results The participants in the sim
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The two studies presented here were
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The author(s) assign a Creative Com
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approach which focuses on documenti
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within the context of their assessm
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perceptions of the use of technolog
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frequently than library databases.
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Figure 1: Sample of technology mapp
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Conclusion In contrast with other s
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Yorke, M. (2003). Formative assessm
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Erickson, Greer, & Gutwin, 2011), e
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higher than the Australian universi
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educators must be careful to offer
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Miles, C.A. (2015). Strong and incr
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in formal online education. To do s
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week analysis for the 8-week 3 cour
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First Quartile 1 1 Median 1 1 Mean
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participation. Similar to Gilliani
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Coffrin, C., Corrin, L., de Barba,
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Designing for relatedness: learning
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inquiry. This collaborative yarning
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online in the LMS until connections
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each other in educational environme
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Figure 2: Evaluation of Components
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Conclusion The experience of Aborig
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Torche, F., & Valenzuela, E. (2011)
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types of content and new models of
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ased on real journalism content 10
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efficiently access the key literatu
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systems. These initiatives are valu
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Ren, X. (2013). Beyond open access:
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within a constructivist framework (
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library, learning centers and couns
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testing occurs beyond that? What is
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Interdisciplinary opportunities and
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interdisciplinary project that aime
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J F M A M J J A S O N D 2014 Academ
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also vital. Achieving the correct b
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odies. Moreover, attracting enough
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Paving the way for institution wide
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Activity (Workshop) Description and
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Keyboard The physical keyboard is a
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• Annotating diagrams • Ability
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Conclusion This project demonstrate
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MyCourseMap: an interactive visual
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Figure 1: MyCourseMap visual overvi
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The tool has particular applicabili
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11. Media gallery 10. Graduate attr
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Barriers or challenges. actually go
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Figure 8: The unit information page
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Standing on the shoulders of others
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designer employed by La Trobe Unive
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student interaction are essential c
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Figure 2: Weekly learning design se
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The current [template] speaks clear
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Weaver, D, Robbie, D, Kokonis, S &
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Background Learning analytics The r
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and conducted workshops as the proj
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• Communication (email, Facebook,
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180 Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthl
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Relevance and comprehensiveness of
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Further Information More informatio
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Virtual worlds have great potential
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conceptual understanding, and (3) m
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Figure 5: Map and Hints of the VW E
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All quiz questions are saved in a X
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Gütl, C. (2011). The Support of Vi
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Remote Access Laboratories for Prep
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een derived from the STEBI-B (Enoch
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15 Students’ achievement in techn
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RALfie offers both hands-on and onl
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and non-user groups and efforts hav
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Maxwell, A. D., Orwin, L., Kist, A.
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To evaluate the feasibility of usin
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their observed behaviour. Towards t
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study and help them adapt to a new
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main student concern, there are add
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Information delivered through the a
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Learning maps: A design-based appro
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4 Integrative • Mixed research me
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Dede, C. (2004). If design-based re
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LAK demonstrates a great deal of co
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Experiences from early reusability
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The future of practice-based resear
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1.1. Consider factoring in control
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3. Consider the research questions
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Features of an online English langu
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Figure 2: Embedded Matbury’s MP3
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References Ayres, P., & Sweller, J.
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that will provoke a specific kind o
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Preliminary results The study is on
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Using expectation confirmation theo
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Findings and Discussion The data an
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Fawcett, S. L. (2002). Group gaming
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visualization affects learning but
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Demonstrate the ability to construc
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Implementing blended learning at fa
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Exploring approaches taken at other
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But, J. & Shobbrook, R. (2012). Web
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potential of social media in educat
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Another tweet included a photo of t
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Teachers Cloud-based Content Creati
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Deviation CBLD? 1. Learning Outcome
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McGee, P., & Reis, A. (2012). Blend
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The Next Wave of learning Innovatio
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than a static system / website / mo
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Loop: A learning analytics tool to
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Figure 1: The Loop tool dashboard f
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efore it is released as an open sou
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programmed through freely available
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In addition to this experiment, at
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An investigation of blended learnin
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Results The experiences of learning
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Chan, S. (1999). The Chinese learne
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ambiguous nature of discussion post
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Discussion Linking assessment to on
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Digital Futures research and societ
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challenges of specifying real-world
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Hemsley-Brown, J., & Sharp, C. (200
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is taking digital technologies into
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The Making the Connection project t
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Jeroschewski, A., Levisse, A., Sala
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(2014, p.19). New business models f
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Table 3. Badges on lifelong learnin
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The Agile Learning Model: Using big
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Preliminary results Methodology A p
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(e.g. students that were directed t
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It has been predicted that “by th
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including: timely access to teacher
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Occupational Medicine Simulation Pr
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just being presented with a data sh
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Gustafson, P. (2001). Meanings of p
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This exploratory research step focu
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Week 3 of the course. Figure 2: Acc
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A pedagogical end game for exams: a
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that a bachelor degree is the new h
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However, this vision is not pie-in-
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Are Higher Education Institutions P
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Method Design In order to reach a l
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of LA frameworks and on expected be
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Talented, and Learning and Behaviou
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I felt prepared to set my own LGs 5
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Measuring creativity in collaborati
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y Beghetto and Kaufman (2013), who
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And how does this creativity become
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In short, research in these paradig
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esearch is heavily context dependen
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Collaboration between Primary Stude
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Results The analysis of the observa
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even difficult for them to bring to
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A digital what? Creating a playspac
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As of writing, plans are underway t
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Lamond, H. & Rowatt, A.J. (2015). A
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Furthermore, staff PD in digital te
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Figure 1: Expert Review of Peer Rev
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Developing Self-Regulated Learning
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Technological Structure The underly
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analytics-functionality-and-wirefra
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model of professional learning that
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ecognition of their teaching in a t
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Connecting fun and learning- an act
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Figure 1. Engestrom's Activity Syst
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pedagogical and technological barri
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(e.g. Graesser et al., 2005), it ca
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ability to perform well on a test a
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Exploring my university students’
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15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% created a
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Miller, M. D. (2014). Online Learni
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component, evaluation that connects
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not be enough to encourage its wide
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Benchmarking for technology enhance
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Findings groups to try and streamli
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Author, M. (2014a). Benchmarking fo
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uploaded document with consistent m
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Promoting Critical Thinking in a La
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Table 1: Overview Summary of How In
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and post-exam online surveys were a
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Seow, T.K. & Soong, S.K.A. (2015).
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family and friends to help them. Di
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Upon completion of the unit, studen
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Blended Learning Adoption Monitorin
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for each stage are listed as Strate
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References Alammary, A., Sheard, J.
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environment), and (3) civic engagem
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Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential le
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Freitas, 2006; Fröding & Peterson,
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The research methodologies appropri
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Teräs, H. (2014). Collaborative on
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Upon completion of a learning activ
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Figure 3: Drag and drop application
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Pre-service teachers’ reflections
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like the Renaissance, and the teach
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from http://www.researchgate.net/pu
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concept of summer learning loss. Th
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Figure 2: Relationships between Cou
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Webby, B., Quinn, D., Albrecht, A.,
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The University’s Approach to a Le
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Figure 2: Draft CSU Learning Analyt
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Dreaming of Electric Sheep: CSU’s
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student learning. Furthermore, many
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something that is done by the “da
Page 599 and 600: SkillBox: a pilot study Rachel Anne
Page 601 and 602: agree, A=agree, N=neutral, D=disagr
Page 603 and 604: Whitsed, R.A. & Parker, J. (2015).
Page 605 and 606: critical theory and feminist studie
Page 607 and 608: connectedness between individual an
Page 609 and 610: Description of proposed interventio
Page 611 and 612: Kaufman & L. Li (Eds.), Routledge i
Page 613 and 614: Matthews, A., Aggarwal, R., and Lim
Page 615 and 616: Schau, C., & Mattern, N. (1997). Us
Page 617 and 618: eight of the nine interviewees in a
Page 619 and 620: communicate proposals, plans, compa
Page 621 and 622: Creating concept vignettes as a mod
Page 623 and 624: Preparing Students for Future Learn
Page 625 and 626: References Association for the Adva
Page 627 and 628: The use of rubrics for the assessme
Page 629 and 630: Developing an online challenge-base
Page 631 and 632: Let’s Talk Learning Analytics and
Page 633 and 634: Experiential Learning in Accounting
Page 635 and 636: The CSU Online Learning model Tim K
Page 637 and 638: MOOCs as spaces to innovate Alison
Page 639 and 640: The author(s) assign a Creative Com
Page 641 and 642: In terms of educational uses, the l
Page 643 and 644: The framework At the University of
Page 645 and 646: Enhancing Workplace Learning throug
Page 647 and 648: Figure 2: GPS for WPL structure Con
Page 649: The success of this new support mod
Page 653 and 654: Discussion Who owns learning? Educa
Page 655 and 656: Pawlaczek, Z. & Allan, G. (2015). D
Page 657 and 658: These divergent student perceptions
Page 659 and 660: Connecting or constructing academic
Page 661 and 662: define one academic literacy for al
Page 663 and 664: Learning, 12(3), 139-160. Retrieved
Page 665 and 666: Data collection The seven case stud
Page 667 and 668: share their own experiences in orde
Page 669 and 670: of Goals-Signals-Metrics as columns
Page 671 and 672: material, perform self-assessment t
Page 673 and 674: Many educational technology researc
Page 675 and 676: non-technical users can participate
Page 677 and 678: particularly in the early stages. T
Page 679 and 680: Williams, T., Kaui,T. & Ernst, J. (
Page 681 and 682: Campbell & Oblinger, 2007; Clow, 20
Page 683 and 684: Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., & Ha
Page 685 and 686: sine qua non of LA, and a recent co
Page 687 and 688: Lodge, J., & Lewis, M. (2012). Pige
Page 689 and 690: academic referencing system Sente 6
Page 691 and 692: Norton, A. (2012). Mapping Australi
Page 693 and 694: How new teaching methods affect our
Page 695 and 696: Calderon, O., Ginsberg, A., Ciabocc
Page 697 and 698: thus enabling libraries to learn ab
Page 699 and 700: Formulating research questions whic
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as well as examples of each element
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the learning materials are presente
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activity results in a collaborative
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the definition, not the technology.
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in researching and developing teach
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2. Examples of open scholarship net
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#NPF14LMD Learners and Mobile Devic
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Adrienne Moyle Academic Advisor wit
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Easing into mobile learning Angela
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Clinical Logs: Best Practices in th
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Digitally enabled learning through
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Using interactive multimedia for
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References Barbezat, D., & Bush, M.
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The author(s) assign a Creative Com
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ascilite 2015 Reviewers Reem Abu As
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Kulari Lokuge Dona Swinburne Univer
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