personality disorders explained

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Display affective instability Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder may display affective instability that is due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). The basic dysphoric mood of those with Borderline Personality Disorder is often disrupted by periods of anger, panic, or despair and is rarely relieved by periods of well-being or satisfaction. These episodes may reflect the individual’s extreme reactivity troubled by chronic feelings of emptiness (Criterion 7). Easily bored, they may constantly seek something to do. Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder frequently express inappropriate, intense anger or have difficulty controlling their anger (Criterion 8). They may display extreme sarcasm, enduring bitterness, or verbal outbursts. The anger is often elicited when a caregiver or lover is seen as neglectful, withholding, uncaring, or abandoning. Such expressions of anger are often followed by shame and guilt and contribute to the feeling they have of being evil. During periods of extreme stress, transient paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms (e.g., depersonalization) may occur (Criterion 9), but these are generally of insufficient severity or duration to warrant an additional diagnosis. These episodes occur most frequently in response to a real or imagined abandonment. Symptoms tend to be transient, lasting minutes or hours. The real or perceived return of the caregiver’s nurturance may result in a remission of symptoms. Associated Features and Disorders Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder may have a pattern of undermining themselves at the moment a goal is about to be realized (e.g., dropping out of school just before graduation; regressing severely after a discussion of how well therapy is going; destroying a good relationship just when it is clear that the relationship could last). Some individuals develop psychoticlike symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, body-image distortions, ideas of reference, and hypnagogic phenomena) during times of stress. Individuals with this disorder may feel more secure with transitional objects (i.e., a pet or inanimate possession) than in interpersonal relationships. Premature death from suicide may occur in
individuals with this disorder, especially in those with co-occurring Mood Disorders or Substance-Related Disorders. Physical handicaps may result from self-inflicted abuse behaviours or failed suicide attempts. Recurrent job losses, interrupted education, and broken marriages are common. Physical and sexual abuse, neglect, hostile conflict, and early parental loss or separation are more common in the childhood histories of those with Borderline Personality Disorder. Common co-occurring Axis I <strong>disorders</strong> include Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Eating Disorders (notably Bulimia), Posttramatic Stress Disorder, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder also frequently co-occurs with the other Personality Disorders. Specific Culture, Age, and Gender Features The pattern of behaviour seen in Borderline Personality Disorder has been identified in many settings around the world. Adolescents and young adults with identity problems (especially when accompanied by substance abuse) may transiently display behaviours that misleadingly give the impression of Borderline Personality Disorder. Such situations are characterized by emotional instability, "existential" dilemmas, uncertainty, anxiety-provoking choices, conflicts about sexual orientation, and competing social pressures to decide on careers. Borderline Personality Disorder is diagnosed predominantly (about 75%) in females. Prevalence The prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder is estimated to be about 2% of the general population, about 10% among individuals seen in outpatient mental health clinics, and about 20% among psychiatric inpatients. In ranges from 30% to 60% among clinical populations with Personality Disorders. Course There is considerable variability in the course of Borderline Personality Disorder. The most common pattern is one of chronic instability in early adulthood, with episodes of serious affective and impulsive dyscontrol and high levels of use of health and mental health resources. The impairment from the disorder and the risk of suicide are greatest in the young-adult years and gradually wane with advancing age. During their 30s and 40s, the majority of individuals with this disorder attain greater stability in their relationships and vocational functioning. Familial Pattern Borderline Personality Disorder is about five times more common among firstdegree biological relatives of those with the disorder than in the general population. There is also an increased familial risk for Substance-Related Disorders, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Mood Disorders. 115
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS EXPLAINED ANT
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1. INTRODUCTION Most of the persona
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People with this disorder are often
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BPD may say that they feel as if th
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disorders. Richer, more detailed de
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elationships. They almost always ch
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They likely come across as stiff an
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disorder categories. It suggests th
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2. Codependence By Dr. Irene Matiat
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person's demeaning behaviour toward
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Why Be Codependent? Why would anybo
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More About Codependence (Article by
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You must learn to get your life bac
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When is it healthy to put the needs
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Let's review some basic codependenc
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That's another pattern of codepende
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Describe what your relationship loo
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Help! Can I Fix it? Good news! You
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Parent Helping a parent often is li
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The Twelve Traditions The Twelve St
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Twelve Step process Twelve Step pro
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Literature studied in most 12-step
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The 12 Steps to Recovery for Codepe
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12 Steps for Kids From: Kids' Power
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certain types of behaviours include
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Recovery Steps Relief of symptoms i
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Short term goals might include: Be
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Peer Support Support from people wh
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What friends and family can do:
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The key is to take small steps. Man
Page 64 and 65: What to find out: Contact informati
Page 66 and 67: if symptoms become severe. Having a
Page 68 and 69: Helping Others Throughout Their Liv
Page 70 and 71: Self Help Affirmations That Work Me
Page 72 and 73: 4. Circular eye movements integrate
Page 75 and 76: 3. Narcissistic personality disorde
Page 77 and 78: Although some features of narcissis
Page 79 and 80: Tests and diagnosis Narcissistic pe
Page 81 and 82: Prevention Because the cause of nar
Page 83 and 84: For narcissistic personality disord
Page 85 and 86: Cognitive behavioural therapy. In g
Page 87 and 88: Narcissistic Relationships Narcissi
Page 89 and 90: 4. Having a grandiose sense of self
Page 91 and 92: Don't let yourself be infuriated by
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Page 97 and 98: 6. THE VIOLENT NARCISSIST is a wife
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Page 103 and 104: Borderline Personality Disorder Tre
Page 105 and 106: Like all personality disorders, bor
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Page 109 and 110: Self-Help Self-help methods for the
Page 111 and 112: Symptoms of Borderline Personality
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Page 119 and 120: discussion to work out reasonable s
Page 121 and 122: 2. Seek Professional Help Facilitat
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Page 125 and 126: ONLINE TEST The following "test" ma
Page 127 and 128: in many different ways. Therefore,
Page 129 and 130: Bipolar II Disorder-Depressed* In b
Page 131 and 132: Self-Injurious Behaviours and Suici
Page 133 and 134: Specific Treatment Interventions: M
Page 135 and 136: Anxiety and Panic Attack Symptoms C
Page 137 and 138: Identifying the symptoms of ADHD in
Page 139: If you liked this compilation and y
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