KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

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To ensure that all people can engage in and benefit from the digital economy and adapt rapidly to new and unexpected occupations and skill needs, education and training systems in G20 economies should place a stronger emphasis on promoting ICT generic skills, ICT specialist skills, and ICT-complementary skills, including foundational skills, digital literacy, higher-order critical thinking skills as well as social and emotional skills. Greater efforts are also needed to raise the skills of those adults with weak literacy, numeracy and digital skills to enable them to fully participate in the digital economy and society. At the same time, digital technologies are creating new opportunities for skills development. Seizing these opportunities requires a process of institutional learning, where actors are given sufficient scope to experiment with new tools and systematic assessment of outcomes leads to the selection of the most effective practices. Barriers to access these new technologies must be addressed, as well as concerns about the quality of online education and the lack of recognition for learning outcomes. The development of more effective strategies in G20 economies that enable all people to adapt to and excel in the digital economy, including through the use of ICTs and other technologies to upgrade skills, is essential. Important differences in ICT adoption and usage exist between large and small firms, with SMEs facing several barriers to adopting ICTs and digital technologies in their operational activities, in particular in having the resources to acquire the necessary complementary knowledge-based assets, such as organisational and human capital. It is essential to help promote adoption of these digital technologies among SMEs because they can help overcome some of the traditional barriers to investing in digital technologies, including the often high, upfront sunk costs of these investments, and allow them to switch more rapidly from one technology to another to avoid being locked in. Comprehensive national digital strategies that take into account SMEs, policies that facilitate access to finance, and SME engagement with competency centres and/or technology diffusion extension services, can be helpful in this regard. Moreover, business dynamism in many G20 economies has declined, especially following the crisis and particularly in ICT-producing and ICT-using sectors, raising concerns about innovation. Policies that can help boost business dynamism include facilitating access to finance, building on the G20/OECD High-level Principles on SME Financing. Pro-competitive product market regulations and employment protection legislation that is not overly stringent can also foster dynamism and the adoption of certain digital technologies. Policies that facilitate the mobility of workers as well as training and skills development are important to help smaller firms compete with larger, established incumbents. Despite the steady increase business-to-consumer e-commerce, there remains considerable untapped potential. Well-tailored consumer protections and competitive markets are essential to build the trust needed to further develop these markets for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike. More effective implementation of consumer rights is essential for e-commerce to reach its full potential. Policy frameworks in the OECD and UN offer an excellent starting place, but likewise require a greater implementation commitment by governments. Cross-border and cross-sectoral enforcement co-operation is but one area for further work. In an increasingly data-centric environment, approaches like data portability offer promise but require further study to ensure that they work for both consumers and businesses. At the same time, G20 economies could usefully explore the issue of platforms and consumer trust with a view to assessing if concerted G20 action could help strengthen consumer trust. Consumer choices in this information-intensive environment are impaired by challenges relating to complexity and uncertainty, sometimes compounded by misleading or fraudulent business practices. The expanding reach of platforms – including peer platforms – poses special challenges to consumer trust, while at the same time opening up new opportunities.
Digitalisation is changing the world faster than many laws have evolved. G20 economies should develop mechanisms to periodically review their legal frameworks and, where appropriate, update them to ensure that they are well-suited to the increasingly digitalised world. Designing and implementing a whole-of-government approach to digitalisation is crucial in this regard because advances in one area can be mitigated by retaining the status quo in another. One important legal area that is being affected by digitalisation is competition, which may need to undergo some adjustments in the digitalised context, such as a shift towards looking at data as the most vital competitive asset in some markets, different approaches to market definition and market power, and a greater focus on international co-operation and co-ordination among competition authorities. The G20 may wish to develop tools for assessing the particular complexities of competition in the digital era. Online platforms create new markets and opportunities, but also raise a range of economic and social challenges. Governments should consider updating laws to address factors that unnecessarily make working through online platforms less attractive, the lack of clarity in certain regulations, tax issues that emerge with the proliferation of small revenues earned via platforms, and consumer and privacy protection of online market participants. More broadly, G20 economies could undertake analysis of the opportunities and challenges raised by online platforms and how different policies may help address them. The ongoing digitalisation of our economies and societies will only expand and deepen; the G20 must be ready to make the most of it. This report has helped chart an innovative, ambitious, and pro-active digital agenda, for the G20 and beyond. It is essential that the G20 work together to build a brighter common future, using the multi-stakeholder model that has served so well. Only by taking a pro-active, 21st-century approach to the digital economy will the G20 maximise the enormous potential the digital economy holds for our economies and well-being.
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Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Fixed broadband s
Page 7 and 8: As the cost of data collection, sto
Page 9: Open, voluntary standards, grounded
Page 14 and 15: It is useful to start with a brief
Page 16 and 17: In the past, there has also been un
Page 18 and 19: Having established a positive relat
Page 20 and 21: However, despite the rapid spread o
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Page 26 and 27: show that large firms have much gre
Page 28 and 29: % 2011-14 2006-09 60 EUIPO USPTO 50
Page 30 and 31: component may include repatriated i
Page 32 and 33: computers will rather increase). At
Page 34: The risk related to cybercrime and
Page 37 and 38: % 100 Gap 1st and 3rd quartiles Ave
Page 39 and 40: Research has shown that the availab
Page 41 and 42: 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Not
Page 43 and 44: Recent research points to a set of
Page 45 and 46: knowledge sharing by upholding the
Page 47 and 48: skilled labour. Thus, trapping reso
Page 49 and 50: wireless access, the two technologi
Page 51 and 52: network infrastructure sometimes ha
Page 53 and 54: separation of infrastructure and se
Page 55 and 56: other network on the Internet (CIDR
Page 57 and 58: Certain policies promote good use o
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Encourage the deployment of more fi
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In telecommunications, both fixed a
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sufficiently compelling for operato
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However, data provides additional c
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deductions on investments in seed a
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early-stage investment can affect i
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The development of standards and st
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A positive example of co-operation
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As actors navigate the IoT space, t
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The private-sector-led standards pa
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Co-operation among standardisation
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Fixed-line communications, wireless
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the ICT sector tends to outpace reg
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Digitalisation is associated with f
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end user (European Commission, 2016
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The Internet model of traffic excha
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G20 economies could develop strateg
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technologies, and in particular the
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in the United States where criminal
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about digital security risk and how
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conduct of cybercrimes and digital
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The G8 Deauville Declaration outlin
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To ensure that everyone can engage
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ICT specialists have been among the
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Initiatives to promote consumer edu
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All Welding Processing Handling Dis
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economies and societies need to per
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The development of strategies that
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The use of digital technologies is
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These adoption gaps between large f
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Figure 44 (Panel B) illustrates a s
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Frontier firms Laggards Frontier fi
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Despite the steady increase busines
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YouTube to watch media content; Ube
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Platforms are often criticised for
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The potential and pitfalls of digit
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Cross-border commerce has long gene
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Digitalisation is changing the worl
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Digital technologies have a huge re
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One approach is to accept the fact
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and income opportunities. Becoming
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South Korea has opened numerous “
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The ongoing digitalisation of our e
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Developing tools for assessing the
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data across borders, transportation
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BCG (2012), ”The Internet Economy
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Deloitte (2015), “Connected Healt
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Karachalios, K. and K. McCabe (2016
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OECD (2016m), “The Internet of Th
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OECD (2012d), Connected Minds: Tech
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The Economist Intelligence Unit (20
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1. Chapter 2 discusses policies for
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KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

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