KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

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Source: OECD, adapted from Rüsmann et al. (2015). Skills requirements for Industrie 4.0 are more interdisciplinary than those for basic digital literacy. Industrie 4.0 creates new operational and organisational structures relying on decision making, co-ordination, control and support services – a much more complex environment. There is also a need to co-ordinate between virtual and real machines and plants in production management systems. In general, this means that there are significantly higher demands placed on all members of the workforce in terms of managing complexity, higher levels of abstraction and problem solving. Employees are expected to act more on their own initiative, have excellent communication skills and be able to organise their own work (Smit et al., 2016). Robotisation provides a useful illustration of how Industrie 4.0 is changing the demand for skills. OECD (forthcoming b) shows that robots replace certain tasks, previously carried out by humans, while creating the demand for new tasks to be carried out by workers. As a result, employment will decrease in occupations comprising tasks that can be automated and will increase in occupations where human labour is complementary to robots. The balance between substitution and complementarity effects depends on the robots’ field of applications, with employment falling in some areas and growing in others (Figure 39).
All Welding Processing Handling Dispensing Assembling Elementary occupations Machine operators, assemblers Crafts, related trade Technicians Professionals Note: Estimated elasticities based on 14 countries (Austria, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Croatia, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Romania, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom) over 1993-2014. Source: OECD (2016 forthcoming b). -0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 For example, handling robots, which include metal casting, plastic moulding but also measuring, inspection and testing, appear to complement workers in elementary occupations while substituting for all other occupational groups. Welding robots tend to substitute for human workers performing the same operation, notably in the occupational group Crafts and Related Trade Workers. And assembling robots are found to increase the demand for Technicians, who are called to supervise and improve the production flows. All other occupations, however, are negatively affected by this type of robot. In general, when robots interact with occupations lacking specialised skills or abilities, they can trigger changes in the task composition and a shift towards tasks that cannot be automated, such as those involving interpersonal skills, problem solving or decision making. In these cases, robots can substitute for low value, routine tasks and increase the value of those skills necessary to the performance of more “abstract” tasks. The diffusion of industrial robots, accelerated by continuous improvements in technology implies that skills related to specialised but routine tasks will increasingly become obsolete, even if they require substantial years of investment in education. More important appear to be more general skills such as high level of literacy and numeracy, or even interpersonal and communication skills. Country-specific features, e.g. industry specialisation and the prevailing degree of automation in a country may result in different effects on skills demand. In addition, similar technologies may lead to different skills needs depending on the organisational environment (Hartmann and Bovenschulte, 2013). Results from the PwC 2016 Global Industrie 4.0 Survey show that 50% of the companies that are included in the survey see the lack of digital culture and training as a top challenge to making their operations more
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KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATI
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Key Issues for Digital Transformati
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Figures Figure 1. Fixed broadband s
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As the cost of data collection, sto
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Open, voluntary standards, grounded
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Digitalisation is changing the worl
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It is useful to start with a brief
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In the past, there has also been un
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Having established a positive relat
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However, despite the rapid spread o
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160 % 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Not
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% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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show that large firms have much gre
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% 2011-14 2006-09 60 EUIPO USPTO 50
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component may include repatriated i
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computers will rather increase). At
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The risk related to cybercrime and
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% 100 Gap 1st and 3rd quartiles Ave
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Research has shown that the availab
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5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Not
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Recent research points to a set of
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knowledge sharing by upholding the
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skilled labour. Thus, trapping reso
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wireless access, the two technologi
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network infrastructure sometimes ha
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separation of infrastructure and se
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other network on the Internet (CIDR
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Certain policies promote good use o
Page 59 and 60: Francisco Project”, for example,
Page 61 and 62: Encourage the deployment of more fi
Page 63 and 64: In telecommunications, both fixed a
Page 65 and 66: sufficiently compelling for operato
Page 67 and 68: However, data provides additional c
Page 69 and 70: deductions on investments in seed a
Page 71 and 72: early-stage investment can affect i
Page 73 and 74: The development of standards and st
Page 75 and 76: A positive example of co-operation
Page 77 and 78: As actors navigate the IoT space, t
Page 79 and 80: The private-sector-led standards pa
Page 81 and 82: Co-operation among standardisation
Page 83 and 84: Fixed-line communications, wireless
Page 85 and 86: the ICT sector tends to outpace reg
Page 87 and 88: Digitalisation is associated with f
Page 89 and 90: end user (European Commission, 2016
Page 91 and 92: The Internet model of traffic excha
Page 93 and 94: G20 economies could develop strateg
Page 95 and 96: technologies, and in particular the
Page 97 and 98: in the United States where criminal
Page 99 and 100: about digital security risk and how
Page 101 and 102: conduct of cybercrimes and digital
Page 103 and 104: The G8 Deauville Declaration outlin
Page 105 and 106: To ensure that everyone can engage
Page 107 and 108: ICT specialists have been among the
Page 109: Initiatives to promote consumer edu
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Page 115 and 116: The development of strategies that
Page 117 and 118: The use of digital technologies is
Page 119 and 120: These adoption gaps between large f
Page 121 and 122: Figure 44 (Panel B) illustrates a s
Page 123 and 124: Frontier firms Laggards Frontier fi
Page 125 and 126: Despite the steady increase busines
Page 127 and 128: YouTube to watch media content; Ube
Page 129 and 130: Platforms are often criticised for
Page 131 and 132: The potential and pitfalls of digit
Page 133 and 134: Cross-border commerce has long gene
Page 135 and 136: Digitalisation is changing the worl
Page 137 and 138: Digital technologies have a huge re
Page 139 and 140: One approach is to accept the fact
Page 141 and 142: and income opportunities. Becoming
Page 143 and 144: South Korea has opened numerous “
Page 146 and 147: The ongoing digitalisation of our e
Page 148 and 149: Developing tools for assessing the
Page 150 and 151: data across borders, transportation
Page 152 and 153: BCG (2012), ”The Internet Economy
Page 154 and 155: Deloitte (2015), “Connected Healt
Page 156 and 157: Karachalios, K. and K. McCabe (2016
Page 158 and 159: OECD (2016m), “The Internet of Th
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OECD (2012d), Connected Minds: Tech
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The Economist Intelligence Unit (20
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1. Chapter 2 discusses policies for
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KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

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