KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

Recommendations

Info

Given that the development of standards and standards-based interoperability are such key components in the IoT and Industrie 4.0, a review of the global standardisation landscape is worthwhile. There are many standards families, which may cause difficulty in determining whether a standard fits a situation well or whether it will be supported industry-wide and in the future. All actors, including researchers of IoT technologies and solutions, would gain from familiarising themselves with existing standards and standardisation initiatives to avoid duplication of efforts. In the world’s increasingly elaborate and complex landscape of standards and standardisation, there are many fora or avenues for the development of standards. In the Internet era, the categorisations of the past (de jure, de facto, formal, informal, etc.) are less relevant. Instead, organisations have emerged focusing on several broad areas. There are organisations that are based on different modes of national representation, both at national or regional level, such as the European Committee for Standardization-European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CEN-CENELEC), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 4 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards (<strong>IN</strong>CITS), etc., as well as the globally acting International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU). There are other globally active organisations but with direct membership models, such as IEEE (a technical professional organisation that among other things, develops standards), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Generally, pursuit of public interest plays a more or less explicit role in the missions of these organisations. There are also fora in the form of consortia or alliances within industries or businesses coming together to develop and support a standard by mutual agreement. These are usually formed by companies aiming at developing standards to their specific interests. The degree of openness of their membership models varies, but they often have similar processes as traditional Standards Development Organisations (SDOs) (DeNardis, 2011). In addition, the new era of standards development is progressing to requirements-development communities striving to build global ecosystems to address necessary standardisation (such as those within the Industrial Internet Consortium and OpenFog Consortium). These communities address architectural framework deployment requirements and necessary go-to-market support, along with consideration for education and compliance.
A positive example of co-operation among standards bodies took place in July 2016 in Singapore where representatives of IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE, CEN-CENELEC and ETSI convened at a meeting initiated by IEC to discuss means of accelerating and better aligning their standardisation work in support of smart cities. With over half the world population now living in cities, ICTs, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever more important. In today’s cities much of the infrastructure is installed by a diverse set of suppliers and maintained by different agencies that sometimes work in isolation. The interconnection of city systems will demand standardised interfaces, and this is where standards bodies such as IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE, CEN- CENELEC, ETSI and others will have an important role to play as they work as a collective. At the national level, there are also examples of co-operation on standards. In the United States, the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTA), signed into law in 1996, recognised the value and impact of voluntary, co-operatively developed standards. It mandated that all federal agencies use technical standards developed and adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies, as opposed to using government-unique standards. Another example is the European Union Regulation on European Standardisation, approved in 2012, which included a framework to reference ICT technical specifications in policy and procurement, which essentially recognised the value of referencing voluntary, global technical specifications to help benefit European consumers and promote European competitiveness. In the China Standardization Reform, a five-year plan initiated in 2015, a reorganisation of Chinese standards encompasses a greater emphasis on social organisations, which include standards developed by federations, associations, and consortia, in addition to mandatory national standards where the government plays a leading role. The reform encourages qualified social organisations and industry alliances to develop standards, replacing government-led standards development. It will be particularly important to take into consideration the forthcoming integration of new and emerging technologies on the IoT horizon, including those associated with artificial intelligence and robotics, and body area networking (i.e. a wireless network of wearable computing devices), together with the societal and ethical challenges they are bringing with them. Furthermore, the convergence of ICTs, as evidenced by innovations such as software-defined networking and virtualisation, points to dramatic changes over the next decade for current market models. The synergy of these new technologies along with advances related to battery/energy efficiencies, coupled with rapid progress in more mature technologies will provide the IoT enablement for consumer, commercial/industrial, and integrated commercial-consumer applications. The diversity of potential IoT applications and device technologies may lead many to conclude that it would be detrimental to be tied in at an early stage of technological development to one-size-fits-all type of standards or standards that might prove burdensome or conflicting. However, a certain level of standardisation and interoperability will be necessary to achieve a successful IoT ecosystem and, over time, technological maturity will help identify the most promising standardisation approaches. In addition, standardisation areas for the IoT such as orchestration, protocol management, identification, spectrum requirements, hardware-based security guidelines, plug-and-play management, etc. could transcend specific technologies and would involve ongoing assessments.
Page 1 and 2:
KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATI
Page 3 and 4:
Key Issues for Digital Transformati
Page 5 and 6:
Figures Figure 1. Fixed broadband s
Page 7 and 8:
As the cost of data collection, sto
Page 9 and 10:
Open, voluntary standards, grounded
Page 11 and 12:
Digitalisation is changing the worl
Page 14 and 15:
It is useful to start with a brief
Page 16 and 17:
In the past, there has also been un
Page 18 and 19:
Having established a positive relat
Page 20 and 21:
However, despite the rapid spread o
Page 22 and 23:
160 % 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Not
Page 24 and 25: % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Page 26 and 27: show that large firms have much gre
Page 28 and 29: % 2011-14 2006-09 60 EUIPO USPTO 50
Page 30 and 31: component may include repatriated i
Page 32 and 33: computers will rather increase). At
Page 34: The risk related to cybercrime and
Page 37 and 38: % 100 Gap 1st and 3rd quartiles Ave
Page 39 and 40: Research has shown that the availab
Page 41 and 42: 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Not
Page 43 and 44: Recent research points to a set of
Page 45 and 46: knowledge sharing by upholding the
Page 47 and 48: skilled labour. Thus, trapping reso
Page 49 and 50: wireless access, the two technologi
Page 51 and 52: network infrastructure sometimes ha
Page 53 and 54: separation of infrastructure and se
Page 55 and 56: other network on the Internet (CIDR
Page 57 and 58: Certain policies promote good use o
Page 59 and 60: Francisco Project”, for example,
Page 61 and 62: Encourage the deployment of more fi
Page 63 and 64: In telecommunications, both fixed a
Page 65 and 66: sufficiently compelling for operato
Page 67 and 68: However, data provides additional c
Page 69 and 70: deductions on investments in seed a
Page 71 and 72: early-stage investment can affect i
Page 73: The development of standards and st
Page 77 and 78: As actors navigate the IoT space, t
Page 79 and 80: The private-sector-led standards pa
Page 81 and 82: Co-operation among standardisation
Page 83 and 84: Fixed-line communications, wireless
Page 85 and 86: the ICT sector tends to outpace reg
Page 87 and 88: Digitalisation is associated with f
Page 89 and 90: end user (European Commission, 2016
Page 91 and 92: The Internet model of traffic excha
Page 93 and 94: G20 economies could develop strateg
Page 95 and 96: technologies, and in particular the
Page 97 and 98: in the United States where criminal
Page 99 and 100: about digital security risk and how
Page 101 and 102: conduct of cybercrimes and digital
Page 103 and 104: The G8 Deauville Declaration outlin
Page 105 and 106: To ensure that everyone can engage
Page 107 and 108: ICT specialists have been among the
Page 109 and 110: Initiatives to promote consumer edu
Page 111 and 112: All Welding Processing Handling Dis
Page 113 and 114: economies and societies need to per
Page 115 and 116: The development of strategies that
Page 117 and 118: The use of digital technologies is
Page 119 and 120: These adoption gaps between large f
Page 121 and 122: Figure 44 (Panel B) illustrates a s
Page 123 and 124: Frontier firms Laggards Frontier fi
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the steady increase busines
Page 127 and 128:
YouTube to watch media content; Ube
Page 129 and 130:
Platforms are often criticised for
Page 131 and 132:
The potential and pitfalls of digit
Page 133 and 134:
Cross-border commerce has long gene
Page 135 and 136:
Digitalisation is changing the worl
Page 137 and 138:
Digital technologies have a huge re
Page 139 and 140:
One approach is to accept the fact
Page 141 and 142:
and income opportunities. Becoming
Page 143 and 144:
South Korea has opened numerous “
Page 146 and 147:
The ongoing digitalisation of our e
Page 148 and 149:
Developing tools for assessing the
Page 150 and 151:
data across borders, transportation
Page 152 and 153:
BCG (2012), ”The Internet Economy
Page 154 and 155:
Deloitte (2015), “Connected Healt
Page 156 and 157:
Karachalios, K. and K. McCabe (2016
Page 158 and 159:
OECD (2016m), “The Internet of Th
Page 160 and 161:
OECD (2012d), Connected Minds: Tech
Page 162 and 163:
The Economist Intelligence Unit (20
Page 164 and 165:
1. Chapter 2 discusses policies for
show all

KEY ISSUES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE G20

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?