HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care : Clinical protocols for the European ...

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124 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICAL PROTOCOLS FOR THE WHO EUROPEAN REGION All of these issues make it necessary for HIV/AIDS care providers to be sensitive and responsive to the needs of survivors and orphans to help them deal with the grief and multiple losses which HIV/AIDS often inflicts on families.
Table 27. common manifestations in plhiv approaching the end of life, and suggestions for family and caregiver support Type of manifestation Last months Last weeks Last days Last 24–28 hours PLHIV end-of-life manifestations • Somnolence • Restlessness • Agitation • Gradual or sudden loss of consciousness • Further changes in skin colour • Periodic breathing • Gurgling • Moaning • Incontinence • Sleep pattern reversal • Sweats • Confusion • Cognitive failure • Changes in skin (pallor) • Respiratory changes • More time in bed • Insomnia • Less interest in food and drink • Decreased energy • Difficulty walking Physical • Increased fatigue • Increased sleep • Decreased interest in eating • Increase in pain or other symptoms • Delirium • May be unresponsive or minimally responsive • Confusion, delirium, inability to express emotions clearly • Greater peacefulness, quiet • Increased communication • Signs of closure/saying goodbye • Increased anxiety • Desire to talk about funeral arrangements • Periods of intense emotional expression • Bargaining • Life review, discussion of past events • Desire to reassure family • Fear of sleep Emotional • Increased need for closeness, talking, physical contact • Social withdrawal • Increased sadness, crying • Seeking closure, expressing feelings of love • Perception of other dimensions of experience • Increased sense of peace • Deep peaceful sleep • Increased clarity in thinking and emotions • Increased sense of peace and transcendence • Dreams or visions of deceased loved ones • Increased faith in God • Periods of quiet reflection Spiritual • Increased interest in spiritual matters • Prayer • Desire for contact with religious/ spiritual leader • Questioning of faith palliative care for people living with hiv 125
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE Clinica
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© World Health Organization 2007 A
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iv Acknowledgements The editors wou
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vi Marco Vitoria (WHO headquarters)
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viii CRP C-reactive protein CS caes
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x LFT liver function test LGE linea
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xii TDM therapeutic drug monitoring
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xiv Introduction HIV is a chronic i
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Annex 7. Glossary .................
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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10 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLIN
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1 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINI
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I. Principles management of opportu
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management of opportunistic infecti
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Table 8. pcp second-line treatment
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Table 12. oesophageal and dissemina
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5.9.1.2. Treatment Table 15. treatm
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE FOR INJ
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Social factors are: • homelessnes
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Table 3. Interactions between ARV d
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Other medications Use Rifampicin (R
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Table 5. Interactions of illicit dr
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ANNEX 1 ASI6 C © 2004 University o
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• Cardiovascular Hypertension Tac
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Contents I. Epidemiology and natura
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ManageMent of Hepatitis C and HiV C
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Annex 3. Alcohol screening question
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Table 16. a sample of the drug pipe
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3.2. Considerations regarding treat
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278 hiv/aids tReatment and caRe cLi
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I. Prevention strategies Prevention
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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5. Contraceptive methods for women
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314 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLI
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I. Policy issues Prevention of Hiv
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III. Initial evaluation Prevention
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Prevention of Hiv transmission from
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6. Fungal infections...............
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• Disseminated non-tuberculous my
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Annex 3. Rabies vaccines ..........
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442 hIv/aIds tReatment and caRe clI
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Contents I. Policy issues .........
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I. Policy issues post-exposure prop
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post-exposure prophylaxis for hiv i
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° condom use ° presence of STIs (
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Table 3. thre- drug arv regimens Pr
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VI. Suggested minimum data to be co
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History of antiretroviral treatment
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Test results: HBV: HCV: HIV: Post-t
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Infection control standard precauti
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The World Health Organization (WHO)
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