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Table 14. ManageMent of tuberculosis and HiV coinfection recommended arV formulations for tb/HiV-coinfected adults and adolescents Drug(s) Dose form Strength Single drugs Abacavir (ABC) Didanosine (ddI) Lamivudine (3TC) Zidovudine (ZDV) Tablet Oral solution Tablet Single-dose packets of buffered powder for oral solution Paediatric powder for oral solution Delayed-release capsules Tablet Oral solution Tablet Capsule Oral solution/syrup Retrovir IV infusion/sterile solution for IV infusion 300 mg 20 mg/ml 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg 100, 167, 250 mg 4- and 8-ounce glass bottles containing respectively 2 and 4 g didanosine 125, 200, 250, 400 mg 150, 300 mg film coated 10 mg/ml 250, 300 mg 100 mg 50 mg/5 ml 10 mg/ml Tenofovir (TDF) Tablet 300 mg Efavirenz (EFV) Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) Saquinavir (SQV) Ritonavir (RTV) Fixed-dose combinations Zidovudine + lamivudine (ZDV + 3TC) Zidovudine + lamivudine + abacavir (ZDV + 3TC + ABC) Tenofovir + emtricitabine (TDF + FTC) Abacavir + lamivudine (ABC + 3TC) Capsule Tablet film coated Tablet Capsule Oral solution (contains 42.2% alcohol) Capsule Tablet Capsule Oral solution 50, 100, 200 mg 600 mg 200/50 mg 133.3/33.3 80/20 mg/ml 200 mg 500 mg 100 mg 80 mg/ml Tablet film coated 300 + 150 mg Tablet 300 + 150 + 300 mg Tablet 300 + 200 mg Tablet 600 + 300 mg 155
156 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICAL PROTOCOLS FOR THE WHO EUROPEAN REGION References 1. Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006 (WHO/HTM/2006.326). 2. EuroTB. Surveillance of tuberculosis in Europe: report on tuberculosis cases notified in 2003. Saint- Maurice, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2005 (http://www.eurotb.org/rapports/2003/report_2003.htm, accessed 7 August 2006). 3. Salt J. Current trends in international migration in Europe. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 2002 (CDMG/2002/26). 4. Hayward AC et al. Epidemiology and control of tuberculosis in western European cities. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2003, 7:751–757. 5. WHO/IUATLD global project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world: report no. 3. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004 (WHO/HTM/ TB/2004.343). 6. Aebi MF. Space 1 (Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics) Survey 2004. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 2005. 7. Drobniewski F. Tuberculosis in prisons – forgotten plague. The Lancet, 1995, 346:948–949. 8. Bone A et al. Tuberculosis control in prisons: a manual for programme managers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000 (WHO/CDS/TB/2000.281). 9. Drobniewski FA et al. Tuberculosis, HIV seroprevalence and intravenous drugs abuse in prisoners. The European Respiratory Journal, 2005, 26:298–304. 10. de Colombani P. Overview of the tuberculosis situation in the European Region with a focus on prisons. 11th Annual Meeting and Conference of the World Health Organization European Network for Prison and Health: the Next 10 Years, London, 17–18 October 2005. 11. European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV). HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe: end-year report 2004. Saint-Maurice, Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2005 (No. 71; http://www. eurohiv.org/reports/report_71/pdf/report_eurohiv_71.pdf, accessed 29 September 2006). 12. Corbett EL et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2003, 163:1009–1021. 13. Interim policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004 (WHO/ HTM/HIV/2004.1). 14. de Colombani P et al. European framework to decrease the burden of TB/HIV. Copenhagen, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2003 (WHO/EURO/03/5037600). 15. TB/HIV: a clinical manual, 2nd ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004 (WHO/HTM/ TB/2004.329). 16. Lienhardt C, Rodriques LC. Estimation of the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus infection on tuberculosis: tuberculosis risks revised? International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 1997, 1(3):196–204. 17. Hopewell PC, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Reichman LB, Hershfield ES, eds. Tuberculosis: a comprehensive international approach. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2000:525–547 (Lung Biology in Health and Disease Series, Vol. 144). 18. Girardi E et al. Impact of the HIV epidemic on the spread of other diseases: the case of tuberculosis. AIDS, 2000, 14(Suppl. 3):S47–S56. 19. Cruciani M et al. The impact of HIV1 on infectiousness of tuberculosis: a metaanalysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001, 33:1922–1930. 20. Castro KG, Dooley SW, Curran JW. Transmission of HIV-associated tuberculosis to health-care workers. The Lancet, 1992, 340(8826):1043–1044. 21. Ackah AN et al. Response to treatment, mortality and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan. AIDS, 1995, 9:1251–1254. 22. Harries AD et al. Deaths from tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan African countries with a high prevalence of HIV-1. The Lancet, 2001, 357(9267):1519–1529). 23. Elliott AM et al. The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on mortality of patients treated for tuberculosis in a cohort study in Zambia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1995, 89:78–82. 24. Badri M et al. Association between tuberculosis and HIV disease progression in a high tuberculosis
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE Clinica
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© World Health Organization 2007 A
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iv Acknowledgements The editors wou
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vi Marco Vitoria (WHO headquarters)
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viii CRP C-reactive protein CS caes
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x LFT liver function test LGE linea
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xii TDM therapeutic drug monitoring
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xiv Introduction HIV is a chronic i
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Annex 7. Glossary .................
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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10 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLIN
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1 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINI
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I. Principles management of opportu
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management of opportunistic infecti
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Table 8. pcp second-line treatment
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Table 12. oesophageal and dissemina
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5.9.1.2. Treatment Table 15. treatm
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palliative care for people living w
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III. Initial evaluation palliative
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IV. Treatment palliative care for p
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Fig. 2. who analgesic ladder for ma
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Type of pain or treatment Usual sta
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ANNEX 1 ASI6 C © 2004 University o
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE FOR INJ
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• Cardiovascular Hypertension Tac
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Contents I. Epidemiology and natura
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ManageMent of Hepatitis C and HiV C
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Annex 3. Alcohol screening question
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Table 16. a sample of the drug pipe
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3.2. Considerations regarding treat
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278 hiv/aids tReatment and caRe cLi
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I. Prevention strategies Prevention
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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5. Contraceptive methods for women
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I. Policy issues Prevention of Hiv
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III. Initial evaluation Prevention
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Prevention of Hiv transmission from
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Annex 3. Rabies vaccines ..........
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442 hIv/aIds tReatment and caRe clI
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Contents I. Policy issues .........
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I. Policy issues post-exposure prop
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post-exposure prophylaxis for hiv i
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° condom use ° presence of STIs (
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Table 3. thre- drug arv regimens Pr
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VI. Suggested minimum data to be co
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History of antiretroviral treatment
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Test results: HBV: HCV: HIV: Post-t
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Infection control standard precauti
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The World Health Organization (WHO)
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