HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care : Clinical protocols for the European ...

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6. Fungal infections.................................................................................................................415 6.1. Candidiasis...................................................................................................................415 6.1.1. Oropharyngeal candidiasis.................................................................................415 6.1.2. Oesophageal candidiasis ....................................................................................415 6.1.3. Candidaemia ......................................................................................................416 7. Viral infections....................................................................................................................417 7.1. Cytomegalovirus..........................................................................................................417 7.2. Varicella-zoster virus ...................................................................................................418 7.3. Herpes simplex virus ...................................................................................................419 V. Paediatric HIV pain management .........................................................................................421 1. Background .........................................................................................................................421 2. Pain management strategies................................................................................................421 VI. Suggested minimum data to be collected at the clinical level ...........................................422 Annex 1. Revised WHO clinical staging of HIV/AIDS for infants and children...................424 Annex 2. WHO classification of HIV-associated immunodeficiency in infants and children ................................................................................................................426 Annex 3. ARV dosage ranges .....................................................................................................428 Annex 4. Developmental assessment checklist .........................................................................430 References ....................................................................................................................................431
I. Introduction Paediatric HiV/aidS treatment and care The increasing number of reported paediatric AIDS cases in European countries (1) demands urgent action to improve survival and quality of life for the affected children. The core component of treatment and care of infants and children infected with HIV is provision of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Optimal ART increases the length and quality of their lives. The goals of paediatric ART are the same as for adults and adolescents, the prolongation of life and improvement of its quality (see Protocol 1 Patient evaluation and antiretroviral treatment for adults and adolescents). Policy for ART in paediatric HIV/AIDS cases should be based on the following principles. • Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment should be available as part of a comprehensive package of paediatric HIV care. • It should be consistent with Protocol 10 Prevention of HIV transmission from HIV-infected mothers to their infants. • Paediatricians should provide routine care and collaborate closely with paediatric HIV specialists to monitor HIV progression and the need for ART. • A continuum of care should be assured during childhood, during transition to adolescence and adulthood and in line with future treatment and care for adolescents and adults (see Protocol 1, Patient evaluation and antiretroviral treatment for adults and adolescents). 393
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE Clinica
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© World Health Organization 2007 A
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iv Acknowledgements The editors wou
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vi Marco Vitoria (WHO headquarters)
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viii CRP C-reactive protein CS caes
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x LFT liver function test LGE linea
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xii TDM therapeutic drug monitoring
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xiv Introduction HIV is a chronic i
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Annex 7. Glossary .................
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINICA
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10 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLIN
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1 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLINI
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I. Principles management of opportu
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management of opportunistic infecti
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Table 8. pcp second-line treatment
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Table 12. oesophageal and dissemina
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5.9.1.2. Treatment Table 15. treatm
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palliative care for people living w
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III. Initial evaluation palliative
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IV. Treatment palliative care for p
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Fig. 2. who analgesic ladder for ma
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Type of pain or treatment Usual sta
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Table 5. prevalence of symptoms in
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Type Symptoms Possible causes Disea
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Type Symptoms Possible causes Disea
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Table 22. Management of mania and B
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Table 24. Management of cough or di
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V. Special advice for terminal care
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Table 27. common manifestations in
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References palliative care for peop
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VI. Suggested minimum data to be co
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136 HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE CLI
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Contents I. Policy and principles .
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I. Policy and principles HIV/AIDS T
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HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE FOR INJ
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° bacterial pneumonia ° endocardi
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Social factors are: • homelessnes
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Table 3. Interactions between ARV d
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Other medications Use Rifampicin (R
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Table 5. Interactions of illicit dr
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ANNEX 1 ASI6 C © 2004 University o
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• Cardiovascular Hypertension Tac
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Contents I. Epidemiology and natura
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ManageMent of Hepatitis C and HiV C
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Annex 3. Alcohol screening question
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Table 16. a sample of the drug pipe
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3.2. Considerations regarding treat
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278 hiv/aids tReatment and caRe cLi
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I. Prevention strategies Prevention
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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Prevention of HePatitis a, B, C and
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5. Contraceptive methods for women
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444 hIv/aIds tReatment and caRe clI
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Contents I. Policy issues .........
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I. Policy issues post-exposure prop
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post-exposure prophylaxis for hiv i
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° condom use ° presence of STIs (
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Table 3. thre- drug arv regimens Pr
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VI. Suggested minimum data to be co
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History of antiretroviral treatment
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Test results: HBV: HCV: HIV: Post-t
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Infection control standard precauti
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The World Health Organization (WHO)
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