The Java Language Specification, Third Edition

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16.2.15 try Statements DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT 546 • V is definitely unassigned before a catch block iff all of the following conditions hold: ◆ V is definitely unassigned after the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every return statement that belongs to the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e in every statement of the form throw e that belongs to the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e1 for every statement of the form assert e1, that occurs in the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e2 in every statement of the form assert e1 : e2 that occurs in the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every break statement that belongs to the try block and whose break target contains (or is) the try statement. ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every continue statement that belongs to the try block and whose continue target contains the try statement. If a try statement does not have a finally block, then this rule also applies: • V is [un]assigned after the try statement iff V is [un]assigned after the try block and V is [un]assigned after every catch block in the try statement. If a try statement does have a finally block, then these rules also apply: • V is definitely assigned after the try statement iff at least one of the following is true: ◆ V is definitely assigned after the try block and V is definitely assigned after every catch block in the try statement. DRAFT ◆ V is definitely assigned after the finally block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after a try statement iff V is definitely unassigned after the finally block. • V is definitely assigned before the finally block iff V is definitely assigned before the try statement. • V is definitely unassigned before the finally block iff all of the following conditions hold: ◆ V is definitely unassigned after the try block.
DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assignment and Array Initializers 16.4 ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every return statement that belongs to the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e in before every statement of the form throw e that belongs to the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e1 for every statement of the form assert e1, that occurs in the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after e2 in every statement of the form assert e1 : e2 that occurs in the try block. ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every break statement that belongs to the try block and whose break target contains (or is) the try statement. ◆ V is definitely unassigned before every continue statement that belongs to the try block and whose continue target contains the try statement. ◆ V is definitely unassigned after every catch block of the try statement. 16.3 Definite Assignment and Parameters • A formal parameter V of a method or constructor is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before the body of the method or constructor. • An exception parameter V of a catch clause is definitely assigned (and moreover is not definitely unassigned) before the body of the catch clause. 16.4 Definite Assignment and Array Initializers DRAFT • V is [un]assigned after an empty array initializer iff it is [un]assigned before the empty array initializer. • V is [un]assigned after a nonempty array initializer iff it is [un]assigned after the last variable initializer in the array initializer. • V is [un]assigned before the first variable initializer of the array initializer iff it is [un]assigned before the array initializer. • V is [un]assigned before any other variable initializer I of the array initializer iff it is [un]assigned after the variable initializer to the left of I in the array initializer. 547
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The Java Language Specification Th
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The Java Language Specification Th
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Copyright © 1996-2005 Sun Microsys
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“When I use a word,” Humpty Dum
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Preface XXIII Preface to the Second
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5.4 String Conversion 101 5.5 Casti
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8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 19
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10 Arrays 287 10.1 Array Types 288
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14 Blocks and Statements 359 14.1 N
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15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 4
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17.4.2 Actions 558 17.4.3 Programs
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Preface THE Java programming langua
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PREFACE was invaluable to us during
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Preface to the Second Edition ... t
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Trici
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Preface to the Third Edition This e
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Joe Da
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1.0 CHAPTER1 Introduction If I have
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INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 declare
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INTRODUCTION Example Programs 1.1 B
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INTRODUCTION References 1.4 Goldber
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CHAPTER2 Grammars Grammar, which kn
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GRAMMARS Grammar Notation 2.4 actua
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CHAPTER3 Lexical Structure Lexicogr
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Unicode Escapes 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Input Elements an
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Identifiers 3.8 E
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Literals 3.10 3.9
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Integer Literals
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Floating-Point Li
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Character Literal
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE String Literals 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Operators 3.12 3.
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CHAPTER4 Types, Values, and Variabl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Integr
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Floati
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The bo
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Object
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The Cl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type V
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Parame
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type A
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Member
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Raw Ty
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Subtyp
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Where
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Variab
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Kinds
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Initia
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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CHAPTER5 Conversions and Promotions
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Conversi
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Widening
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Boxing C
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Assignme
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Method I
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Casting
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Unary Nu
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Binary N
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CHAPTER6 Names The Tao that can be
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NAMES Names and Identifiers 6.2 ❖
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NAMES Scope of a Declaration 6.3 in
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES The Members of a Class Type 6
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NAMES The Members of an Array Type
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NAMES Syntactic Classification of a
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NAMES Reclassification of Contextua
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NAMES Meaning of Package Names 6.5.
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NAMES Meaning of Type Names 6.5.5 a
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NAMES Meaning of Expression Names 6
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NAMES Meaning of Method Names 6.5.7
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NAMES Details on protected Access 6
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NAMES Example: Access to public and
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NAMES Example: protected Fields, Me
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NAMES Fully Qualified Names and Can
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NAMES Class and Interface Type Name
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NAMES Method Names 6.8.4 DISCUSSION
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NAMES Local Variable and Parameter
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CHAPTER7 Packages Good things come
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PACKAGES Storing Packages in a File
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PACKAGES Compilation Units 7.3 7.2.
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PACKAGES Unnamed Packages 7.4.2 on
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PACKAGES Single-Type-Import Declara
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PACKAGES Type-Import-on-Demand Decl
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PACKAGES A Strange Example 7.5.6 7.
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PACKAGES Top Level Type Declaration
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 t
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 o
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CHAPTER8 Classes Origins: A Short E
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 8.1 C
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 class
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CLASSES Generic Classes and Type Pa
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Superclasses and Subclasses
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CLASSES Superinterfaces 8.1.5 resul
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CLASSES Class Body and Member Decla
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CLASSES Class Members 8.2 Construct
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 If a
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 of ac
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Method Declarations 8.4 fie
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CLASSES Formal Parameters 8.4.1 of
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CLASSES Method Signature 8.4.2 Two
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 an i
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 resp
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 Thes
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CLASSES Method Throws 8.4.6 • If
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CLASSES Method Body 8.4.7 Object do
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Overloading 8.4.9 DISCUSSIO
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CLASSES Examples of Method Declarat
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CLASSES Member Type Declarations 8.
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CLASSES Static Initializers 8.7 aga
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CLASSES Constructor Modifiers 8.8.3
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 clas
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 •
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CLASSES Default Constructor 8.8.9 8
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 8.9 Enums An enum
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DISCUSSION This i
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 Note that the exa
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DIME: 10¢ SILVER
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 public static voi
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CHAPTER9 Interfaces My apple trees
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INTERFACES Superinterfaces and Subi
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INTERFACES Interface Members 9.2 9.
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INTERFACES Examples of Field Declar
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INTERFACES Inheritance and Overridi
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INTERFACES Examples of Abstract Met
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INTERFACES Annotation Types 9.6 DIS
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 • The
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 TypeName
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 The seco
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CHAPTER10 Arrays Even Solomon in al
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ARRAYS Array Access 10.4 Here are s
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ARRAYS Array Initializers 10.6 Arra
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ARRAYS Class Objects for Arrays 10.
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ARRAYS Array Store Exception 10.10
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CHAPTER11 Exceptions If anything ca
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EXCEPTIONS Exception Analysis of Ex
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EXCEPTIONS Why Runtime Exceptions a
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EXCEPTIONS Handling Asynchronous Ex
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EXCEPTIONS An Example of Exceptions
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EXCEPTIONS Virtual Machine Errors 1
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CHAPTER12 Execution We must all han
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EXECUTION Initialize Test: Execute
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EXECUTION The Loading Process 12.2.
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EXECUTION Resolution of Symbolic Re
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EXECUTION When Initialization Occur
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EXECUTION Detailed Initialization P
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EXECUTION Initialization: Implicati
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EXECUTION Creation of New Class Ins
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EXECUTION Finalization of Class Ins
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EXECUTION Implementing Finalization
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EXECUTION Finalizer Invocations are
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EXECUTION Program Exit 12.8 ers. A
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CHAPTER13 Binary Compatibility Desp
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY What Binary Co
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Superclasses a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Class Body and
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Field Declarat
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Fields a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY static Fields
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Methods
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Interface Form
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CHAPTER14 Blocks and Statements He
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Class D
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Variabl
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Scope of Loca
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Execution of
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Statements 14
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Expression St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Abrupt Comple
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Example of do
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The basic for
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The enhanced
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The break Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The continue
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The throw Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The synchroni
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The try state
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Unreachable S
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CHAPTER15 Expressions When you can
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EXPRESSIONS Expressions and Run-Tim
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EXPRESSIONS Normal and Abrupt Compl
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluate Left-Hand Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Respects Par
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Order for Ot
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EXPRESSIONS this 15.8.3 ing-point l
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EXPRESSIONS Class Instance Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Determining Enclosing I
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EXPRESSIONS Choosing the Constructo
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EXPRESSIONS Anonymous Class Declara
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EXPRESSIONS Array Creation Expressi
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EXPRESSIONS Example: Array Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Accessing Superclass Me
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 1: De
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 3: Is
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EXPRESSIONS Runtime Evaluation of M
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EXPRESSIONS Examples: Array Access
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EXPRESSIONS Postfix Increment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Prefix Increment Operat
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EXPRESSIONS Unary Minus Operator -
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EXPRESSIONS Multiplicative Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Division Operator / 15.
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Page 531 and 532: EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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Page 535 and 536: EXPRESSIONS Additive Operators (+ a
Page 537 and 538: EXPRESSIONS Numerical Comparison Op
Page 539 and 540: EXPRESSIONS Equality Operators 15.2
Page 541 and 542: EXPRESSIONS Reference Equality Oper
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Page 545 and 546: EXPRESSIONS Conditional Operator ?
Page 547 and 548: EXPRESSIONS Simple Assignment Opera
Page 553 and 554: EXPRESSIONS Compound Assignment Ope
Page 559 and 560: EXPRESSIONS Constant Expression 15.
Page 561 and 562: CHAPTER16 Definite Assignment All t
Page 563 and 564: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assign
Page 567 and 568: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT The Boolean Ope
Page 569 and 570: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Assignment Expr
Page 571 and 572: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Other Expressio
Page 573 and 574: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Local Variable
Page 575 and 576: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT switch Statemen
Page 577 and 578: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT for Statements
Page 579: DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT try Statements
Page 587 and 588: CHAPTER17 Threads and Locks And oft
Page 589 and 590: THREADS AND LOCKS Incorrectly Synch
Page 591 and 592: THREADS AND LOCKS Memory Model 17.4
Page 593 and 594: THREADS AND LOCKS Actions 17.4.2
Page 595 and 596: THREADS AND LOCKS Happens-before Or
Page 601 and 602: THREADS AND LOCKS Executions 17.4.6
Page 603 and 604: THREADS AND LOCKS Executions and Ca
Page 605 and 606: THREADS AND LOCKS Observable Behavi
Page 607 and 608: THREADS AND LOCKS Final Field Seman
Page 609 and 610: THREADS AND LOCKS Semantics of Fina
Page 611 and 612: THREADS AND LOCKS Subsequent Modifi
Page 613 and 614: THREADS AND LOCKS Non-atomic Treatm
Page 615 and 616: THREADS AND LOCKS Notification 17.8
Page 617 and 618: THREADS AND LOCKS Sleep and Yield 1
Page 619 and 620: CHAPTER18 Syntax Is there grammar i
Page 621 and 622: SYNTAX The Grammar of the Java Prog
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A abrupt completion See completion,
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definite assignment before, 548 det
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See also numbers literals, term def
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See local class member See member c
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See also hiding; obscuring; scope;
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in assignment conversion context, 9
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of blank final class variables, 199
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interface, multiply inherited, 266
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division, evaluation, 493 equality
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easons why constructors cannot be,
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identity conversion in assignment c
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order, 428 expressions as statement
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L labeled statements identifiers in
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term definition, 122 type, 44 memor
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class, 175 constructor, 241 declara
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conversions of and to See conversio
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importing all public types from a,
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Q superclasses, accessing instances
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internal symbolic reference table,
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declaring class methods with, 216 h
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applicable by subtyping, 445 applic
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unchecked, 301 executed, 409 exit o
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precision, loss of, 81 preparation,
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termination and virtual machine exi
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members and constructors, 55 reifia
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of binary representation, of classe
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Colophon CAMERA-READY electronic co
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