The Java Language Specification, Third Edition

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612 run-time testing, 412 hierarchy, 306 NegativeArraySizeException, 413, 432 never thrown for assignment conversions, 95 information loss due to narrowing primitive conversions, 84 information loss sue to widening primitive conversions, 81 widening reference conversions, 85 NullPointerException, 245 parameters See also variables declaration, 397 description, 70 initial value, 72 scope, 118, 397 precise, 303 RuntimeException, 515 synchronization integrated with mechanism for handling, 298 thrown for, narrowing reference conversions, 85 uncaughtException method, when invoked , 298 unchecked, 306 unchecked runtime ArithmeticException, 416, 495 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, 514, 519 ArrayStoreException, 295, 413, 514, 518 ClassCastException, 412, 491, 514 casting conversion requirements that can result in, 105 IndexOutOfBoundsException, 290, 413, 483 NullPointerException, 291, 302, 413, 476, 479, 483, 484, 513, 514, 519 RuntimeException, 306, 515 execution See also declarations; evaluation; initialization; linking; loading (chapter), 309 of statements for their effect, 359 execution(s) described by a tuple, 567 happens-before edges in, 562 legal, 562 non-terminating, 560 order, 560 well formed, 568 exit virtual machine, criteria for, 331 exponent See value set expressions See also fields; methods; statements (chapter), 409 abrupt completion of, as reason for abrupt statement completion, 361 additive operators evaluation, 496 for numeric types, evaluation, 500 array access, evaluation, 482 assignment, evaluation, 513, 519 creation, evaluation of, 431 assignment conversion, 93 definite assignment, 527, 533 operators, evaluation, 512 as statements, 371 bitwise binary operators, evaluation, 508 complement, evaluation, 490 boolean operators !, definite assignment, 534 &&, definite assignment, 533 ?, definite assignment, 534 ||, definite assignment, 534 assignment, definite assignment, 535 constant, definite assignment, 533 equality, evaluation, 507 logical, evaluation, 508 cast, evaluation, 490 compound, assignment operators, evaluation, 518 conditional and operator &&, evaluation, 509 operator ? : definite assignment, 535 evaluation, 510 or operator ||, evaluation, 509 definite assignment and, 533
division, evaluation, 493 equality operators, evaluation, 505 field access, evaluation, 435 instance creation evaluation of, 423 as statements, 371 integer bitwise operators, evaluation, 508 logical comparison operators, evaluation, 508 complement !, evaluation, 490 method invocation evaluation, 440 evaluation order, 473 as statements, 371 multiplication *, evaluation, 492 multiplicative operators *, ⁄, %, evaluation , 491 names context in which a name is classified as, 128 qualified, meaning of, 135 simple, meaning of, 134 numeric comparison, evaluation, 503 equality operators, evaluation, 506 operators ++, definite assignment, 536 --, definite assignment, 536 precedence, evaluation, 417 parenthesized evaluation of, 422 evaluation of, precedence effect of, 417 post-decrement -evaluation of, 486 as statements, 371 postfix, evaluation, 485 post-increment ++ evaluation of, 485 as statements, 371 pre-decrement -evaluation of, 488 as statements, 371 pre-increment ++ evaluation of, 487 as statements, 371 primary, evaluation of, 420 See also arrays, access expressions; arrays, creation; expressions, parenthesized; fields, access expressions; instance, creation; literals; methods, invocations; this keyword reference equality operators ==, !=, evaluation, 507 relational operators , =, evaluation, 503 remainder operator %, evaluation, 495 run-time checks of, 411 semantics and evaluation rules, (chapter), 409 shift operators , >>>, evaluation, 502 simple assignment operator =, evaluation, 513 statements definite assignment, 538 specification, 368 string concatenation +, evaluation, 497 superclass access, evaluation, 438 type vs. class of object, 73 comparison instanceof, evaluation, 504 how determined, 73 usage in, 65 unary minus -, evaluation, 489 operators, evaluation, 487 plus +, evaluation, 489 values, variable as, 410 extends clause See also classes; implements; object-oriented concepts in class declaration, specifying direct superclasses with, 184 in interface declaration, 261 F Feeley, Mark, 304 fields access control default, example, 142 private, example, 144 613
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The Java Language Specification Th
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The Java Language Specification Th
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Copyright © 1996-2005 Sun Microsys
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“When I use a word,” Humpty Dum
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Preface XXIII Preface to the Second
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5.4 String Conversion 101 5.5 Casti
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8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 19
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10 Arrays 287 10.1 Array Types 288
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14 Blocks and Statements 359 14.1 N
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15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 4
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17.4.2 Actions 558 17.4.3 Programs
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Preface THE Java programming langua
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PREFACE was invaluable to us during
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Preface to the Second Edition ... t
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Trici
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Preface to the Third Edition This e
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Joe Da
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1.0 CHAPTER1 Introduction If I have
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INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 declare
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INTRODUCTION Example Programs 1.1 B
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INTRODUCTION References 1.4 Goldber
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CHAPTER2 Grammars Grammar, which kn
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GRAMMARS Grammar Notation 2.4 actua
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CHAPTER3 Lexical Structure Lexicogr
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Unicode Escapes 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Input Elements an
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Identifiers 3.8 E
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Literals 3.10 3.9
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Integer Literals
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Floating-Point Li
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Character Literal
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE String Literals 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Operators 3.12 3.
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CHAPTER4 Types, Values, and Variabl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Integr
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Floati
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The bo
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Object
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The Cl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type V
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Parame
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type A
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Member
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Raw Ty
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Subtyp
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Where
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Variab
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Kinds
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Initia
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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CHAPTER5 Conversions and Promotions
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Conversi
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Widening
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Boxing C
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Assignme
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Method I
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Casting
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Unary Nu
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Binary N
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CHAPTER6 Names The Tao that can be
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NAMES Names and Identifiers 6.2 ❖
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NAMES Scope of a Declaration 6.3 in
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES The Members of a Class Type 6
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NAMES The Members of an Array Type
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NAMES Syntactic Classification of a
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NAMES Reclassification of Contextua
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NAMES Meaning of Package Names 6.5.
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NAMES Meaning of Type Names 6.5.5 a
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NAMES Meaning of Expression Names 6
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NAMES Meaning of Method Names 6.5.7
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NAMES Details on protected Access 6
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NAMES Example: Access to public and
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NAMES Example: protected Fields, Me
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NAMES Fully Qualified Names and Can
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NAMES Class and Interface Type Name
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NAMES Method Names 6.8.4 DISCUSSION
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NAMES Local Variable and Parameter
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CHAPTER7 Packages Good things come
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PACKAGES Storing Packages in a File
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PACKAGES Compilation Units 7.3 7.2.
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PACKAGES Unnamed Packages 7.4.2 on
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PACKAGES Single-Type-Import Declara
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PACKAGES Type-Import-on-Demand Decl
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PACKAGES A Strange Example 7.5.6 7.
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PACKAGES Top Level Type Declaration
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 t
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 o
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CHAPTER8 Classes Origins: A Short E
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 8.1 C
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 class
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CLASSES Generic Classes and Type Pa
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Superclasses and Subclasses
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CLASSES Superinterfaces 8.1.5 resul
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CLASSES Class Body and Member Decla
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CLASSES Class Members 8.2 Construct
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 If a
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 of ac
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Method Declarations 8.4 fie
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CLASSES Formal Parameters 8.4.1 of
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CLASSES Method Signature 8.4.2 Two
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 an i
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 resp
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 Thes
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CLASSES Method Throws 8.4.6 • If
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CLASSES Method Body 8.4.7 Object do
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Overloading 8.4.9 DISCUSSIO
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CLASSES Examples of Method Declarat
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CLASSES Member Type Declarations 8.
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CLASSES Static Initializers 8.7 aga
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CLASSES Constructor Modifiers 8.8.3
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 clas
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 •
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CLASSES Default Constructor 8.8.9 8
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 8.9 Enums An enum
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DISCUSSION This i
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 Note that the exa
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DIME: 10¢ SILVER
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 public static voi
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CHAPTER9 Interfaces My apple trees
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INTERFACES Superinterfaces and Subi
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INTERFACES Interface Members 9.2 9.
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INTERFACES Examples of Field Declar
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INTERFACES Inheritance and Overridi
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INTERFACES Examples of Abstract Met
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INTERFACES Annotation Types 9.6 DIS
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 • The
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 TypeName
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 The seco
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CHAPTER10 Arrays Even Solomon in al
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ARRAYS Array Access 10.4 Here are s
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ARRAYS Array Initializers 10.6 Arra
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ARRAYS Class Objects for Arrays 10.
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ARRAYS Array Store Exception 10.10
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CHAPTER11 Exceptions If anything ca
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EXCEPTIONS Exception Analysis of Ex
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EXCEPTIONS Why Runtime Exceptions a
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EXCEPTIONS Handling Asynchronous Ex
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EXCEPTIONS An Example of Exceptions
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EXCEPTIONS Virtual Machine Errors 1
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CHAPTER12 Execution We must all han
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EXECUTION Initialize Test: Execute
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EXECUTION The Loading Process 12.2.
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EXECUTION Resolution of Symbolic Re
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EXECUTION When Initialization Occur
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EXECUTION Detailed Initialization P
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EXECUTION Initialization: Implicati
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EXECUTION Creation of New Class Ins
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EXECUTION Finalization of Class Ins
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EXECUTION Implementing Finalization
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EXECUTION Finalizer Invocations are
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EXECUTION Program Exit 12.8 ers. A
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CHAPTER13 Binary Compatibility Desp
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY What Binary Co
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Superclasses a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Class Body and
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Field Declarat
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Fields a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY static Fields
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Methods
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Interface Form
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CHAPTER14 Blocks and Statements He
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Class D
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Variabl
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Scope of Loca
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Execution of
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Statements 14
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Expression St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Abrupt Comple
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Example of do
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The basic for
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The enhanced
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The break Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The continue
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The throw Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The synchroni
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The try state
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Unreachable S
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CHAPTER15 Expressions When you can
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EXPRESSIONS Expressions and Run-Tim
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EXPRESSIONS Normal and Abrupt Compl
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluate Left-Hand Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Respects Par
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Order for Ot
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EXPRESSIONS this 15.8.3 ing-point l
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EXPRESSIONS Class Instance Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Determining Enclosing I
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EXPRESSIONS Choosing the Constructo
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EXPRESSIONS Anonymous Class Declara
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EXPRESSIONS Array Creation Expressi
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EXPRESSIONS Example: Array Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Accessing Superclass Me
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 1: De
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 3: Is
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EXPRESSIONS Runtime Evaluation of M
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EXPRESSIONS Examples: Array Access
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EXPRESSIONS Postfix Increment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Prefix Increment Operat
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EXPRESSIONS Unary Minus Operator -
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EXPRESSIONS Multiplicative Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Division Operator / 15.
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EXPRESSIONS Remainder Operator % 15
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS Additive Operators (+ a
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EXPRESSIONS Numerical Comparison Op
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EXPRESSIONS Equality Operators 15.2
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EXPRESSIONS Reference Equality Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional-Or Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional Operator ?
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EXPRESSIONS Simple Assignment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Compound Assignment Ope
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EXPRESSIONS Constant Expression 15.
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CHAPTER16 Definite Assignment All t
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assign
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT The Boolean Ope
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Assignment Expr
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Other Expressio
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Local Variable
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT switch Statemen
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT for Statements
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT try Statements
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CHAPTER17 Threads and Locks And oft
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THREADS AND LOCKS Incorrectly Synch
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THREADS AND LOCKS Memory Model 17.4
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THREADS AND LOCKS Actions 17.4.2
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Page 617 and 618: THREADS AND LOCKS Sleep and Yield 1
Page 619 and 620: CHAPTER18 Syntax Is there grammar i
Page 621 and 622: SYNTAX The Grammar of the Java Prog
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Page 633 and 634: definite assignment before, 548 det
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Page 637 and 638: See local class member See member c
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Page 641 and 642: in assignment conversion context, 9
Page 643 and 644: of blank final class variables, 199
Page 645: interface, multiply inherited, 266
Page 649 and 650: easons why constructors cannot be,
Page 651 and 652: identity conversion in assignment c
Page 653 and 654: order, 428 expressions as statement
Page 655 and 656: L labeled statements identifiers in
Page 657 and 658: term definition, 122 type, 44 memor
Page 659 and 660: class, 175 constructor, 241 declara
Page 661 and 662: conversions of and to See conversio
Page 663 and 664: importing all public types from a,
Page 665 and 666: Q superclasses, accessing instances
Page 667 and 668: internal symbolic reference table,
Page 669 and 670: declaring class methods with, 216 h
Page 671 and 672: applicable by subtyping, 445 applic
Page 673 and 674: unchecked, 301 executed, 409 exit o
Page 675 and 676: precision, loss of, 81 preparation,
Page 677 and 678: termination and virtual machine exi
Page 679 and 680: members and constructors, 55 reifia
Page 681 and 682: of binary representation, of classe
Page 683 and 684: Colophon CAMERA-READY electronic co
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