The Java Language Specification, Third Edition

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602 circular declaration of a class compile-time error caused by, 185 example involving a local class, 362 link-time error caused by, 186 of an interface, compile-time error caused by , 262 of types, in different compilation units, legality of, 157 Class class, 48, 283 allowed in annotation type, 273 class literal, 128 class or interface name in a, 114 is a primary expression, 420 term definition, 421 class loaders bootstrap, 330 and class unloading, 330 defining and enabling assertions, 374 class(es) See also fields; inheritance; interfaces; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces (chapter), 173 abstract, 176 as array component types, 288 binary compatibility considerations, 340 overriding abstract methods in, 215 uses, 177 accessibility, 138 annotation(s), 281 anonymous binary name, 335 See anonymous class binary compatibility considerations, 340 binary representation binary file format requirements, 338 verification of, 310 body declarations, binary compatibility considerations, 342 term definition and declarations in, 189 .class suffix, as name for compiled files, 156 Class objects, associated with arrays, 293 constructors, binary compatibility considerations, 350 declarations, 175 generic, 49 names in extends clause, 128 names in implements clause, 128 specifying direct superclasses in, 184 specifying direct superinterfaces in, 186 term definition, 175 as declared entity, 113 enclosing lexically, 422, 441 top-level is initialized due to assert, 374 exceptions ClassCastException, 105 Error, 301, 306 Exception, 306 RuntimeException, 301, 306 Throwable, 297, 299, 306 final binary compatibility considerations, 340 declaration of, 178 finalization of, 340 FP-strict, 411 generic, 173, 184 term definition, 178 inaccessible, accessing members of, 194 inaccessible, accessing members of, example , 194 initialization, 316 detailed procedure, 319 example, 311 instances See instance(s) instantiation, preventing, 240 linking initialization, 307, 310, 319 preparation, 307, 315, 320 process description, 315 resolution, 310 at virtual machine startup, 310 loading, 312 errors ClassCircularityError, 313 ClassFormatError, 313 NoClassDefFoundError, 313 process description, 313 at virtual machine startup, 310 local binary name, 335
See local class member See member class members, 123 declarations, 189 binary compatibility considerations, 342 methods class, 216 interface, 266 non-static, 216 static, 216 named, 173 names, fully qualified, 145 naming conventions, 147 nested See nested classes non-public, in example of qualified names and access control, 141 normal, 113, 176 preparation, 315 at virtual machine startup, 310 preventing instantiation of, 177 public access control in, 138 binary compatibility considerations, 341 in example of qualified names and access control, 141 references to, binary file format requirements , 335 resolution exceptions IllegalAccessError, 315 IncompatibleClassChangeError, 315 InstantiationError, 316 NoSuchFieldError, 316 NoSuchMethodError, 316 process description, 315 at virtual machine startup, 310 scope of, 117, 161 in scope of an imported type, 117, 161 static initializers, 239 binary compatibility considerations, 356 that depend on themselves See circular declaration, of a class that directly depend on a reference type See circular declaration, of a class top-level, 317 top-level See top-level class type declarations, as members of packages, 166 unloading of, 330 variables default values, 71 specification, 69, 198 verification, at virtual machine startup, 310 wrapper, 2, 497 ClassCastException, 95, 100 classification reclassification of contextually ambiguous names, 129 syntactic, of a name according to context, 127 ClassLoader class, 313 Cloneable interface, 85, 98 and array subtyping, 64 code generation See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; exceptions; optimization asynchronous exceptions, implications for, 303 initialization, implications for, 321 symbolic reference resolution, implications of, 315 comments term definition and specification, 18 Common Lisp, 6 compatibility See binary, compatibility compilation See also compile-time errors; exceptions; virtual machine CompilationUnit goal symbol, syntactic grammar use, 10 conditional binary compatibility considerations, 348 if statement reachability handling to support, 405 exception handlers checked for during, 299 unit, 444 components, package declarations, 158 and default accessibility of top-level types, 166 implicitly starts with import ja- 603
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The Java Language Specification Th
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The Java Language Specification Th
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Copyright © 1996-2005 Sun Microsys
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“When I use a word,” Humpty Dum
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Preface XXIII Preface to the Second
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5.4 String Conversion 101 5.5 Casti
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8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 19
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10 Arrays 287 10.1 Array Types 288
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14 Blocks and Statements 359 14.1 N
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15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 4
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17.4.2 Actions 558 17.4.3 Programs
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Preface THE Java programming langua
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PREFACE was invaluable to us during
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Preface to the Second Edition ... t
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Trici
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Preface to the Third Edition This e
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Joe Da
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1.0 CHAPTER1 Introduction If I have
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INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 declare
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INTRODUCTION Example Programs 1.1 B
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INTRODUCTION References 1.4 Goldber
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CHAPTER2 Grammars Grammar, which kn
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GRAMMARS Grammar Notation 2.4 actua
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CHAPTER3 Lexical Structure Lexicogr
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Unicode Escapes 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Input Elements an
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Identifiers 3.8 E
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Literals 3.10 3.9
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Integer Literals
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Floating-Point Li
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Character Literal
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE String Literals 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Operators 3.12 3.
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CHAPTER4 Types, Values, and Variabl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Integr
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Floati
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The bo
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Object
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The Cl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type V
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Parame
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type A
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Member
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Raw Ty
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Subtyp
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Where
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Variab
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Kinds
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Initia
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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CHAPTER5 Conversions and Promotions
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Conversi
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Widening
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Boxing C
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Assignme
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Method I
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Casting
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Unary Nu
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Binary N
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CHAPTER6 Names The Tao that can be
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NAMES Names and Identifiers 6.2 ❖
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NAMES Scope of a Declaration 6.3 in
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES The Members of a Class Type 6
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NAMES The Members of an Array Type
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NAMES Syntactic Classification of a
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NAMES Reclassification of Contextua
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NAMES Meaning of Package Names 6.5.
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NAMES Meaning of Type Names 6.5.5 a
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NAMES Meaning of Expression Names 6
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NAMES Meaning of Method Names 6.5.7
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NAMES Details on protected Access 6
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NAMES Example: Access to public and
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NAMES Example: protected Fields, Me
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NAMES Fully Qualified Names and Can
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NAMES Class and Interface Type Name
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NAMES Method Names 6.8.4 DISCUSSION
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NAMES Local Variable and Parameter
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CHAPTER7 Packages Good things come
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PACKAGES Storing Packages in a File
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PACKAGES Compilation Units 7.3 7.2.
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PACKAGES Unnamed Packages 7.4.2 on
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PACKAGES Single-Type-Import Declara
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PACKAGES Type-Import-on-Demand Decl
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PACKAGES A Strange Example 7.5.6 7.
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PACKAGES Top Level Type Declaration
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 t
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 o
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CHAPTER8 Classes Origins: A Short E
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 8.1 C
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 class
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CLASSES Generic Classes and Type Pa
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Superclasses and Subclasses
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CLASSES Superinterfaces 8.1.5 resul
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CLASSES Class Body and Member Decla
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CLASSES Class Members 8.2 Construct
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 If a
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 of ac
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Method Declarations 8.4 fie
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CLASSES Formal Parameters 8.4.1 of
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CLASSES Method Signature 8.4.2 Two
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 an i
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 resp
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 Thes
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CLASSES Method Throws 8.4.6 • If
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CLASSES Method Body 8.4.7 Object do
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Overloading 8.4.9 DISCUSSIO
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CLASSES Examples of Method Declarat
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CLASSES Member Type Declarations 8.
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CLASSES Static Initializers 8.7 aga
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CLASSES Constructor Modifiers 8.8.3
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 clas
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 •
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CLASSES Default Constructor 8.8.9 8
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 8.9 Enums An enum
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DISCUSSION This i
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 Note that the exa
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DIME: 10¢ SILVER
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 public static voi
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CHAPTER9 Interfaces My apple trees
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INTERFACES Superinterfaces and Subi
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INTERFACES Interface Members 9.2 9.
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INTERFACES Examples of Field Declar
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INTERFACES Inheritance and Overridi
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INTERFACES Examples of Abstract Met
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INTERFACES Annotation Types 9.6 DIS
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 • The
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 TypeName
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 The seco
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CHAPTER10 Arrays Even Solomon in al
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ARRAYS Array Access 10.4 Here are s
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ARRAYS Array Initializers 10.6 Arra
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ARRAYS Class Objects for Arrays 10.
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ARRAYS Array Store Exception 10.10
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CHAPTER11 Exceptions If anything ca
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EXCEPTIONS Exception Analysis of Ex
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EXCEPTIONS Why Runtime Exceptions a
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EXCEPTIONS Handling Asynchronous Ex
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EXCEPTIONS An Example of Exceptions
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EXCEPTIONS Virtual Machine Errors 1
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CHAPTER12 Execution We must all han
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EXECUTION Initialize Test: Execute
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EXECUTION The Loading Process 12.2.
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EXECUTION Resolution of Symbolic Re
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EXECUTION When Initialization Occur
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EXECUTION Detailed Initialization P
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EXECUTION Initialization: Implicati
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EXECUTION Creation of New Class Ins
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EXECUTION Finalization of Class Ins
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EXECUTION Implementing Finalization
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EXECUTION Finalizer Invocations are
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EXECUTION Program Exit 12.8 ers. A
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CHAPTER13 Binary Compatibility Desp
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY What Binary Co
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Superclasses a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Class Body and
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Field Declarat
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Fields a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY static Fields
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Methods
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Interface Form
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CHAPTER14 Blocks and Statements He
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Class D
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Variabl
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Scope of Loca
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Execution of
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Statements 14
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Expression St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Abrupt Comple
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Example of do
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The basic for
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The enhanced
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The break Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The continue
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The throw Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The synchroni
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The try state
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Unreachable S
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CHAPTER15 Expressions When you can
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EXPRESSIONS Expressions and Run-Tim
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EXPRESSIONS Normal and Abrupt Compl
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluate Left-Hand Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Respects Par
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Order for Ot
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EXPRESSIONS this 15.8.3 ing-point l
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EXPRESSIONS Class Instance Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Determining Enclosing I
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EXPRESSIONS Choosing the Constructo
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EXPRESSIONS Anonymous Class Declara
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EXPRESSIONS Array Creation Expressi
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EXPRESSIONS Example: Array Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Accessing Superclass Me
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 1: De
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 3: Is
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EXPRESSIONS Runtime Evaluation of M
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EXPRESSIONS Examples: Array Access
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EXPRESSIONS Postfix Increment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Prefix Increment Operat
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EXPRESSIONS Unary Minus Operator -
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EXPRESSIONS Multiplicative Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Division Operator / 15.
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EXPRESSIONS Remainder Operator % 15
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS Additive Operators (+ a
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EXPRESSIONS Numerical Comparison Op
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EXPRESSIONS Equality Operators 15.2
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EXPRESSIONS Reference Equality Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional-Or Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional Operator ?
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EXPRESSIONS Simple Assignment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Compound Assignment Ope
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EXPRESSIONS Constant Expression 15.
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CHAPTER16 Definite Assignment All t
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assign
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT The Boolean Ope
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Assignment Expr
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Other Expressio
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Local Variable
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT switch Statemen
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT for Statements
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT try Statements
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Page 647 and 648: division, evaluation, 493 equality
Page 649 and 650: easons why constructors cannot be,
Page 651 and 652: identity conversion in assignment c
Page 653 and 654: order, 428 expressions as statement
Page 655 and 656: L labeled statements identifiers in
Page 657 and 658: term definition, 122 type, 44 memor
Page 659 and 660: class, 175 constructor, 241 declara
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Page 669 and 670: declaring class methods with, 216 h
Page 671 and 672: applicable by subtyping, 445 applic
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Page 677 and 678: termination and virtual machine exi
Page 679 and 680: members and constructors, 55 reifia
Page 681 and 682: of binary representation, of classe
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