The Java Language Specification, Third Edition

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618 See also control flow; linking of arrays in creation, to default value, 432, 69 using array initializers, 290 of classes, 316 detailed procedure, 319 of classes and interfaces, when it occurs, 317 complete term definition, 573 detailed procedure, 319 of fields in classes, 202 in interfaces, 265 of for statement, 384 of interfaces, 316 detailed procedure, 319 of classes creating enum constants, 250 for variables, array, 290 initializers See also creation; execution array in array creation expression, 432 arrays, 289 executing, in Test class example initialization, 311 for fields, 410 in class, 202 in interface, 265 instance See instance initializer enum constant must not refer to itself, 252 FP-strict, 411 instance variable, 246 lacking in a blank final, 71 local variable in scope of a local variable, 118, 385, 387 static, 201, 239, 410 binary compatibility considerations, 356 static FP-strict, 411 variable FP-strict, 411 in scope of local variable, 118, 364 for variables class, 201 during class or interface initialization, 201 instance, 202 during instance creation, 323 inner class See also nested class anonymous class is always, 429 of another class, 182 direct, 182 every local class is an, 361 in a qualified class instance creation expression, 425 and qualified super method invocation, 472 qualified superclass constructor invocation of, 244 as superclass of an anonymous class, 427 term definition, 181 input See also files elements, term definition, 17 Input goal symbol, lexical grammar use, 9 tokens, 17 instance initializer, 173 allows field access through super, 438 anonymous class, 430 as components of a class body, 189 containing a throw statement, 394 definite assignment of variables before, 538 enum must not reference non-constant static fields, 252 execution during constructor invocation, 246 is not a member, 191 may not contain a return statement, 392 must be able to complete normally, 239 overview, 174 term definition, 238 and unreachable statements, 402 when reachable, 403 instance(s) See also classes; interfaces; object-oriented concepts creation, 45, 322 constructor invocation by creation expressions, 240 parameter assignment during, 322 use in, 240 expression evaluation, 423
order, 428 expressions as statements, 371 expressions cannot use wildcards, 56 invocation of initializers for instance variables during, 323 method dispatching during, 324 enclosing determining immediate, 425 with respect to superclass, 245 with respect to superclass of an anonymous class, 426 immediate as first argument to constructor, 428 immediately, 182 with respect to a class, 182 nth lexical used when evaluating method invocation, 473 nth lexically, 182, 422, 473 restrictions on references to, 245 finalization of, 325 implementation procedures, 326 initializer See instance initializer instanceof operator testing expression types with, 412 testing expressions with, 412 instantiation preventing, with private constructors, 178, 248 methods See methods, non-static variables See fields, class, non-static instanceof operator testing expression types with, 412 instantiation term definition, 424 integers See also arithmetic; integral types; numbers converting to boolean values, 43 literals longest permitted, 23 term definition and specification, 21 operations, 36 integral types See also arithmetic; numbers; types byte type, 35 char type, 36 int type, 35 long type, 35 short type, 35 values and operations, 35 interfaces See also class(es); fields; methods; packages; subclasses; superclasses; superinterfaces abstract methods, 266 accessibility, 138 annotation(s), 281 as array element types, 288 binary compatibility considerations, 356 binary representation binary file format requirements, 334 verification, 314 body, declarations, 263 and checked exceptions in initializers, 301 Cloneable implemented by arrays, 292 declarations, 260 (chapter), 259 generic, 49 names in extends clause, 128 normal, 260 as declared entity, 113 dependent on a reference type term definition, 262 directly dependent on a reference type term definition, 262 fields declarations, 264 examples, 265 inheritance ambiguous, 265 multiply, 266 initialization, 265 FP-strict, 411 generic, 189 term definition, 261 initialization, 316 detailed procedure, 319 java.io.Serializable implemented by arrays, 292 linking, process description, 314 loading, 312 process description, 313 members, 124 619
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The Java Language Specification Th
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The Java Language Specification Th
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Copyright © 1996-2005 Sun Microsys
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“When I use a word,” Humpty Dum
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Preface XXIII Preface to the Second
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5.4 String Conversion 101 5.5 Casti
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8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 19
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10 Arrays 287 10.1 Array Types 288
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14 Blocks and Statements 359 14.1 N
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15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 4
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17.4.2 Actions 558 17.4.3 Programs
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Preface THE Java programming langua
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PREFACE was invaluable to us during
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Preface to the Second Edition ... t
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Trici
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Preface to the Third Edition This e
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Joe Da
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1.0 CHAPTER1 Introduction If I have
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INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 declare
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INTRODUCTION Example Programs 1.1 B
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INTRODUCTION References 1.4 Goldber
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CHAPTER2 Grammars Grammar, which kn
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GRAMMARS Grammar Notation 2.4 actua
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CHAPTER3 Lexical Structure Lexicogr
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Unicode Escapes 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Input Elements an
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Identifiers 3.8 E
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Literals 3.10 3.9
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Integer Literals
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Floating-Point Li
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Character Literal
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE String Literals 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Operators 3.12 3.
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CHAPTER4 Types, Values, and Variabl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Integr
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Floati
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The bo
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Object
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The Cl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type V
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Parame
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type A
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Member
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Raw Ty
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Subtyp
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Where
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Variab
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Kinds
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Initia
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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CHAPTER5 Conversions and Promotions
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Conversi
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Widening
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Boxing C
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Assignme
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Method I
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Casting
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Unary Nu
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Binary N
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CHAPTER6 Names The Tao that can be
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NAMES Names and Identifiers 6.2 ❖
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NAMES Scope of a Declaration 6.3 in
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES The Members of a Class Type 6
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NAMES The Members of an Array Type
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NAMES Syntactic Classification of a
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NAMES Reclassification of Contextua
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NAMES Meaning of Package Names 6.5.
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NAMES Meaning of Type Names 6.5.5 a
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NAMES Meaning of Expression Names 6
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NAMES Meaning of Method Names 6.5.7
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NAMES Details on protected Access 6
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NAMES Example: Access to public and
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NAMES Example: protected Fields, Me
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NAMES Fully Qualified Names and Can
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NAMES Class and Interface Type Name
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NAMES Method Names 6.8.4 DISCUSSION
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NAMES Local Variable and Parameter
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CHAPTER7 Packages Good things come
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PACKAGES Storing Packages in a File
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PACKAGES Compilation Units 7.3 7.2.
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PACKAGES Unnamed Packages 7.4.2 on
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PACKAGES Single-Type-Import Declara
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PACKAGES Type-Import-on-Demand Decl
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PACKAGES A Strange Example 7.5.6 7.
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PACKAGES Top Level Type Declaration
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 t
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 o
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CHAPTER8 Classes Origins: A Short E
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 8.1 C
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 class
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CLASSES Generic Classes and Type Pa
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Superclasses and Subclasses
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CLASSES Superinterfaces 8.1.5 resul
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CLASSES Class Body and Member Decla
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CLASSES Class Members 8.2 Construct
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 If a
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 of ac
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Method Declarations 8.4 fie
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CLASSES Formal Parameters 8.4.1 of
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CLASSES Method Signature 8.4.2 Two
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 an i
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 resp
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 Thes
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CLASSES Method Throws 8.4.6 • If
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CLASSES Method Body 8.4.7 Object do
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Overloading 8.4.9 DISCUSSIO
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CLASSES Examples of Method Declarat
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CLASSES Member Type Declarations 8.
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CLASSES Static Initializers 8.7 aga
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CLASSES Constructor Modifiers 8.8.3
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 clas
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 •
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CLASSES Default Constructor 8.8.9 8
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 8.9 Enums An enum
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DISCUSSION This i
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 Note that the exa
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DIME: 10¢ SILVER
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 public static voi
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CHAPTER9 Interfaces My apple trees
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INTERFACES Superinterfaces and Subi
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INTERFACES Interface Members 9.2 9.
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INTERFACES Examples of Field Declar
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INTERFACES Inheritance and Overridi
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INTERFACES Examples of Abstract Met
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INTERFACES Annotation Types 9.6 DIS
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 • The
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 TypeName
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 The seco
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CHAPTER10 Arrays Even Solomon in al
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ARRAYS Array Access 10.4 Here are s
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ARRAYS Array Initializers 10.6 Arra
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ARRAYS Class Objects for Arrays 10.
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ARRAYS Array Store Exception 10.10
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CHAPTER11 Exceptions If anything ca
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EXCEPTIONS Exception Analysis of Ex
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EXCEPTIONS Why Runtime Exceptions a
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EXCEPTIONS Handling Asynchronous Ex
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EXCEPTIONS An Example of Exceptions
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EXCEPTIONS Virtual Machine Errors 1
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CHAPTER12 Execution We must all han
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EXECUTION Initialize Test: Execute
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EXECUTION The Loading Process 12.2.
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EXECUTION Resolution of Symbolic Re
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EXECUTION When Initialization Occur
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EXECUTION Detailed Initialization P
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EXECUTION Initialization: Implicati
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EXECUTION Creation of New Class Ins
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EXECUTION Finalization of Class Ins
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EXECUTION Implementing Finalization
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EXECUTION Finalizer Invocations are
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EXECUTION Program Exit 12.8 ers. A
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CHAPTER13 Binary Compatibility Desp
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY What Binary Co
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Superclasses a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Class Body and
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Field Declarat
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Fields a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY static Fields
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Methods
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Interface Form
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CHAPTER14 Blocks and Statements He
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Class D
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Variabl
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Scope of Loca
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Execution of
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Statements 14
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Expression St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Abrupt Comple
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Example of do
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The basic for
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The enhanced
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The break Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The continue
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The throw Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The synchroni
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The try state
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Unreachable S
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CHAPTER15 Expressions When you can
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EXPRESSIONS Expressions and Run-Tim
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EXPRESSIONS Normal and Abrupt Compl
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluate Left-Hand Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Respects Par
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Order for Ot
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EXPRESSIONS this 15.8.3 ing-point l
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EXPRESSIONS Class Instance Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Determining Enclosing I
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EXPRESSIONS Choosing the Constructo
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EXPRESSIONS Anonymous Class Declara
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EXPRESSIONS Array Creation Expressi
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EXPRESSIONS Example: Array Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Accessing Superclass Me
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 1: De
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 3: Is
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EXPRESSIONS Runtime Evaluation of M
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EXPRESSIONS Examples: Array Access
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EXPRESSIONS Postfix Increment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Prefix Increment Operat
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EXPRESSIONS Unary Minus Operator -
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EXPRESSIONS Multiplicative Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Division Operator / 15.
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EXPRESSIONS Remainder Operator % 15
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS Additive Operators (+ a
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EXPRESSIONS Numerical Comparison Op
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EXPRESSIONS Equality Operators 15.2
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EXPRESSIONS Reference Equality Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional-Or Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional Operator ?
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EXPRESSIONS Simple Assignment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Compound Assignment Ope
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EXPRESSIONS Constant Expression 15.
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CHAPTER16 Definite Assignment All t
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assign
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT The Boolean Ope
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Assignment Expr
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Other Expressio
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Local Variable
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT switch Statemen
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT for Statements
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT try Statements
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CHAPTER17 Threads and Locks And oft
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THREADS AND LOCKS Incorrectly Synch
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THREADS AND LOCKS Memory Model 17.4
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THREADS AND LOCKS Actions 17.4.2
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THREADS AND LOCKS Happens-before Or
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Page 617 and 618: THREADS AND LOCKS Sleep and Yield 1
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Page 637 and 638: See local class member See member c
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Page 647 and 648: division, evaluation, 493 equality
Page 649 and 650: easons why constructors cannot be,
Page 651: identity conversion in assignment c
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Page 657 and 658: term definition, 122 type, 44 memor
Page 659 and 660: class, 175 constructor, 241 declara
Page 661 and 662: conversions of and to See conversio
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Page 665 and 666: Q superclasses, accessing instances
Page 667 and 668: internal symbolic reference table,
Page 669 and 670: declaring class methods with, 216 h
Page 671 and 672: applicable by subtyping, 445 applic
Page 673 and 674: unchecked, 301 executed, 409 exit o
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Page 677 and 678: termination and virtual machine exi
Page 679 and 680: members and constructors, 55 reifia
Page 681 and 682: of binary representation, of classe
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