The Java Language Specification, Third Edition

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640 null, 30 string, 28 loading, 312 local variable, 70 declaration statement, 363 lookup dynamic method, 476 loss of precision, 81 maximally specific, 449 member class, 237 member interface, 237 members, 122 ambiguous, 265 dynamic lookup, 476 memory model, 557 meta-annotation, 284 method(s), 209 abstract, 214, 267 applicable, 442 body, 223 class, 216 final, 217 hidden, 225 instance, 216 interface, 267 lookup, dynamic, 476 more specific, 449 most specific, 442, 447, 449 native, 218 non-static, 216 overloaded, 229 parameter, 69 static, 216 synchronized, 218 modifiers class, 175 constructor, 241 field, 197 interface, 260 method, 214 more specific, 448 most specific, 447, 449 name(s), 115 ambiguous, 126 canonical, 146 contextually ambiguous, 129 expression, 129, 130 method, 129 package, 130 qualified, 115 simple, 115 type, 130 unique package, 169 NaN (Not-a-Number), 37 narrowing primitive conversion, 82 reference conversion, 85 nested class, 173 non-static field, 198 method, 216 nonterminal, 9 normal completion, 360, 413, 414 numeric promotion, 108 object(s), 45 class of, 73 target, 476 obscured declaration, 122 observable package, 160 operators, 31 additive, 496 assignment, 512 bitwise, 508 cast, 491 equality, 505 logical, 508 multiplicative, 491 relational, 503 shift, 502 unary, 487 order of evaluation, 414 ordered, 39 overload, 229, 269 override-equivalent, 214 package(s) accessible, 138 unique names, 169 parameter, 210 constructor, 69, 240 exception handler, 70, 397 formal, 210, 240 method, 69, 211 pointer, 45 polling for exceptions, 304 precise exception, 303
precision, loss of, 81 preparation, 315 primitive conversion narrowing, 82 widening, 80 productions, 9 promotion numeric, 108 binary, 110 unary, 108 qualified access, 138 name, 115 qualifying type of a field, 335 of a method invocation, 336 raw type, 57 reachable, 326, 359, 402 reason, 298, 360, 413 recursive, 10 reference, 45 conversion narrowing, 85 widening, 85 target, 473 types, 44 reifiable type, 56 release, 561 resolution, 315 late, 314 lazy, 314 result, 409 return-type-substitutable, 220 right of, to the, 17 right-hand side, 9 round to nearest, 41 toward zero, 41 runtime exception classes, 301 run-time type(s) same, 49 same class, 49 compile-time type, 49 interface, 49 run-time class, 49 run-time interface, 49 run-time type, 49 scope, 117 separator, 31 sequentially consistent, 560 signature, 241 simple name, 115 specific maximally, 449 more strictly, 449 most, 447, 449 statements, 359 empty, 370 expression, 371 iteration, 390 labeled, 370 local variable declaration, 363 unreachable, 402 static field, 198 import on demand, 165 initializers, 239 method, 216 resolution, 314 strictly more specific, 449 strongly typed, 33 subclass, 185 direct, 184 subinterface, 262 subsignature, 213 sufficient set of synchronization edges, 562 superclass, 185 direct, 184 superinterfaces, 187, 262 direct, 186, 261 symbol goal, 9 nonterminal, 9 optional, 10 terminal, 9 synchronized-with, 561 target break, 389 continue, 391 object, 476 reference, 473 terminal symbol, 9 641
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The Java Language Specification Th
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The Java Language Specification Th
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Copyright © 1996-2005 Sun Microsys
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“When I use a word,” Humpty Dum
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Preface XXIII Preface to the Second
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5.4 String Conversion 101 5.5 Casti
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8.2.1.3 Inheritance with private 19
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10 Arrays 287 10.1 Array Types 288
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14 Blocks and Statements 359 14.1 N
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15.12.4.4 Locate Method to Invoke 4
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17.4.2 Actions 558 17.4.3 Programs
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Preface THE Java programming langua
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PREFACE was invaluable to us during
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Preface to the Second Edition ... t
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Trici
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Preface to the Third Edition This e
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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Joe Da
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1.0 CHAPTER1 Introduction If I have
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INTRODUCTION Introduction 1 declare
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INTRODUCTION Example Programs 1.1 B
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INTRODUCTION References 1.4 Goldber
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CHAPTER2 Grammars Grammar, which kn
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GRAMMARS Grammar Notation 2.4 actua
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CHAPTER3 Lexical Structure Lexicogr
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Unicode Escapes 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Input Elements an
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Identifiers 3.8 E
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Literals 3.10 3.9
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Integer Literals
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Floating-Point Li
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Character Literal
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE String Literals 3
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LEXICAL STRUCTURE Operators 3.12 3.
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CHAPTER4 Types, Values, and Variabl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Integr
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Floati
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The bo
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Object
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES The Cl
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type V
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Parame
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Type A
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Member
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Raw Ty
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Subtyp
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Where
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Variab
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Kinds
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Initia
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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TYPES, VALUES, AND VARIABLES Types,
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CHAPTER5 Conversions and Promotions
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Conversi
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Widening
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Narrowin
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Boxing C
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Capture
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Assignme
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Method I
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Casting
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Unary Nu
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CONVERSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Binary N
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CHAPTER6 Names The Tao that can be
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NAMES Names and Identifiers 6.2 ❖
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NAMES Scope of a Declaration 6.3 in
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES Shadowing Declarations 6.3.1
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NAMES The Members of a Class Type 6
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NAMES The Members of an Array Type
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NAMES Syntactic Classification of a
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NAMES Reclassification of Contextua
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NAMES Meaning of Package Names 6.5.
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NAMES Meaning of Type Names 6.5.5 a
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NAMES Meaning of Expression Names 6
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NAMES Meaning of Method Names 6.5.7
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NAMES Details on protected Access 6
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NAMES Example: Access to public and
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NAMES Example: protected Fields, Me
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NAMES Fully Qualified Names and Can
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NAMES Class and Interface Type Name
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NAMES Method Names 6.8.4 DISCUSSION
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NAMES Local Variable and Parameter
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CHAPTER7 Packages Good things come
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PACKAGES Storing Packages in a File
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PACKAGES Compilation Units 7.3 7.2.
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PACKAGES Unnamed Packages 7.4.2 on
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PACKAGES Single-Type-Import Declara
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PACKAGES Type-Import-on-Demand Decl
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PACKAGES A Strange Example 7.5.6 7.
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PACKAGES Top Level Type Declaration
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 t
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PACKAGES Unique Package Names 7.7 o
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CHAPTER8 Classes Origins: A Short E
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 8.1 C
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CLASSES Class Modifiers 8.1.1 class
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CLASSES Generic Classes and Type Pa
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Inner Classes and Enclosing
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CLASSES Superclasses and Subclasses
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CLASSES Superinterfaces 8.1.5 resul
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CLASSES Class Body and Member Decla
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CLASSES Class Members 8.2 Construct
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Examples of Inheritance 8.2
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 If a
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CLASSES Field Modifiers 8.3.1 of ac
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Initialization of Fields 8.
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Examples of Field Declarati
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CLASSES Method Declarations 8.4 fie
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CLASSES Formal Parameters 8.4.1 of
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CLASSES Method Signature 8.4.2 Two
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 an i
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 resp
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CLASSES Method Modifiers 8.4.3 Thes
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CLASSES Method Throws 8.4.6 • If
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CLASSES Method Body 8.4.7 Object do
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Inheritance, Overriding, an
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CLASSES Overloading 8.4.9 DISCUSSIO
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CLASSES Examples of Method Declarat
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CLASSES Member Type Declarations 8.
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CLASSES Static Initializers 8.7 aga
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CLASSES Constructor Modifiers 8.8.3
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 clas
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CLASSES Constructor Body 8.8.7 •
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CLASSES Default Constructor 8.8.9 8
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 8.9 Enums An enum
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DISCUSSION This i
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 Note that the exa
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 DIME: 10¢ SILVER
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CLASSES Enums 8.9 public static voi
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CHAPTER9 Interfaces My apple trees
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INTERFACES Superinterfaces and Subi
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INTERFACES Interface Members 9.2 9.
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INTERFACES Examples of Field Declar
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INTERFACES Inheritance and Overridi
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INTERFACES Examples of Abstract Met
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INTERFACES Annotation Types 9.6 DIS
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Predefined Annotation Ty
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 • The
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 TypeName
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INTERFACES Annotations 9.7 The seco
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CHAPTER10 Arrays Even Solomon in al
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ARRAYS Array Access 10.4 Here are s
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ARRAYS Array Initializers 10.6 Arra
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ARRAYS Class Objects for Arrays 10.
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ARRAYS Array Store Exception 10.10
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CHAPTER11 Exceptions If anything ca
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EXCEPTIONS Exception Analysis of Ex
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EXCEPTIONS Why Runtime Exceptions a
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EXCEPTIONS Handling Asynchronous Ex
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EXCEPTIONS An Example of Exceptions
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EXCEPTIONS Virtual Machine Errors 1
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CHAPTER12 Execution We must all han
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EXECUTION Initialize Test: Execute
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EXECUTION The Loading Process 12.2.
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EXECUTION Resolution of Symbolic Re
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EXECUTION When Initialization Occur
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EXECUTION Detailed Initialization P
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EXECUTION Initialization: Implicati
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EXECUTION Creation of New Class Ins
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EXECUTION Finalization of Class Ins
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EXECUTION Implementing Finalization
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EXECUTION Finalizer Invocations are
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EXECUTION Program Exit 12.8 ers. A
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CHAPTER13 Binary Compatibility Desp
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY The Form of a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY What Binary Co
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Superclasses a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Class Body and
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Field Declarat
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Fields a
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY static Fields
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY final Methods
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Method and Con
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BINARY COMPATIBILITY Interface Form
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CHAPTER14 Blocks and Statements He
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Class D
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Local Variabl
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Scope of Loca
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Execution of
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Statements 14
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Expression St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The assert St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The switch St
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Abrupt Comple
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Example of do
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The basic for
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The enhanced
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The break Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The continue
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The throw Sta
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The synchroni
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS The try state
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BLOCKS AND STATEMENTS Unreachable S
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CHAPTER15 Expressions When you can
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EXPRESSIONS Expressions and Run-Tim
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EXPRESSIONS Normal and Abrupt Compl
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluate Left-Hand Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Respects Par
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EXPRESSIONS Evaluation Order for Ot
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EXPRESSIONS this 15.8.3 ing-point l
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EXPRESSIONS Class Instance Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Determining Enclosing I
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EXPRESSIONS Choosing the Constructo
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EXPRESSIONS Anonymous Class Declara
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EXPRESSIONS Array Creation Expressi
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EXPRESSIONS Example: Array Creation
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Field Access Using a Pr
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EXPRESSIONS Accessing Superclass Me
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 1: De
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EXPRESSIONS Compile-Time Step 3: Is
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EXPRESSIONS Runtime Evaluation of M
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EXPRESSIONS Examples: Array Access
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EXPRESSIONS Postfix Increment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Prefix Increment Operat
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EXPRESSIONS Unary Minus Operator -
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EXPRESSIONS Multiplicative Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Division Operator / 15.
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EXPRESSIONS Remainder Operator % 15
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS String Concatenation Op
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EXPRESSIONS Additive Operators (+ a
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EXPRESSIONS Numerical Comparison Op
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EXPRESSIONS Equality Operators 15.2
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EXPRESSIONS Reference Equality Oper
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional-Or Operator
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EXPRESSIONS Conditional Operator ?
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EXPRESSIONS Simple Assignment Opera
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EXPRESSIONS Compound Assignment Ope
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EXPRESSIONS Constant Expression 15.
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CHAPTER16 Definite Assignment All t
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Definite Assign
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT The Boolean Ope
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Assignment Expr
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Other Expressio
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT Local Variable
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT switch Statemen
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT for Statements
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DEFINITE ASSIGNMENT try Statements
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CHAPTER17 Threads and Locks And oft
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THREADS AND LOCKS Incorrectly Synch
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THREADS AND LOCKS Memory Model 17.4
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THREADS AND LOCKS Actions 17.4.2
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THREADS AND LOCKS Happens-before Or
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THREADS AND LOCKS Executions 17.4.6
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THREADS AND LOCKS Executions and Ca
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THREADS AND LOCKS Observable Behavi
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THREADS AND LOCKS Final Field Seman
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THREADS AND LOCKS Semantics of Fina
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THREADS AND LOCKS Subsequent Modifi
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THREADS AND LOCKS Non-atomic Treatm
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THREADS AND LOCKS Notification 17.8
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THREADS AND LOCKS Sleep and Yield 1
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CHAPTER18 Syntax Is there grammar i
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SYNTAX The Grammar of the Java Prog
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Page 631 and 632: A abrupt completion See completion,
Page 633 and 634: definite assignment before, 548 det
Page 635 and 636: See also numbers literals, term def
Page 637 and 638: See local class member See member c
Page 639 and 640: See also hiding; obscuring; scope;
Page 641 and 642: in assignment conversion context, 9
Page 643 and 644: of blank final class variables, 199
Page 645 and 646: interface, multiply inherited, 266
Page 647 and 648: division, evaluation, 493 equality
Page 649 and 650: easons why constructors cannot be,
Page 651 and 652: identity conversion in assignment c
Page 653 and 654: order, 428 expressions as statement
Page 655 and 656: L labeled statements identifiers in
Page 657 and 658: term definition, 122 type, 44 memor
Page 659 and 660: class, 175 constructor, 241 declara
Page 661 and 662: conversions of and to See conversio
Page 663 and 664: importing all public types from a,
Page 665 and 666: Q superclasses, accessing instances
Page 667 and 668: internal symbolic reference table,
Page 669 and 670: declaring class methods with, 216 h
Page 671 and 672: applicable by subtyping, 445 applic
Page 673: unchecked, 301 executed, 409 exit o
Page 677 and 678: termination and virtual machine exi
Page 679 and 680: members and constructors, 55 reifia
Page 681 and 682: of binary representation, of classe
Page 683 and 684: Colophon CAMERA-READY electronic co
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