Principles of Federal Appropriations Law - US Government ...

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Chapter 4 Availability of Appropriations: Purpose designed to support or defeat legislation pending before the Congress, except in presentation to the Congress itself.” 124 Although the governmentwide provision currently in place is more detailed than the prior governmentwide restriction, we have concluded that the language currently used has the same legal effect. See B-270875, supra. During the time when there was no governmentwide restriction, restrictions aimed at curtailing the influencing of pending legislation appeared in individual appropriation acts in various forms. Many of these continue to appear in individual appropriation acts along with the governmentwide restriction. 125 A sampling of fiscal year 2003 appropriation acts provisions provided below reveals a variety of versions, many of which do not include the terms publicity and propaganda: “None of the funds made available by this Act shall be used in any way, directly or indirectly, to influence congressional action on any legislation or appropriation matters pending before the Congress.” 126 “ …[No] part of this appropriation shall be used for publicity or propaganda purposes or implementation of any policy including boycott designed to support or defeat legislation pending before Congress or any State legislature.” 127 “None of the funds in this Act shall …be used …to pay for any personal service, advertisement, telegraph …or other device, intended or designed to influence in any manner a Member of Congress or of a State legislature to favor or oppose by vote or otherwise, any legislation or 124 E.g., Treasury, Postal Service, and General Government Appropriations Act, 1997, Pub. L. No. 104-208, title VI, § 631, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-362 (Sept. 30, 1996). 125 While it is understandable that individual agency situations may require unique language, in some instances the restrictions included in the individual appropriation acts are mere repetition. For example, in 2003 a restriction identical to the governmentwide restriction was also contained in the Veterans Affairs appropriations act. See Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies Appropriations, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, div. K, title IV, § 414, 117 Stat. 11, 524 (Feb. 20, 2003). 126 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2003, Pub. L. No. 107-248, § 8012, 116 Stat. 1519, 1539 (Oct. 23, 2002). 127 District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, div. C, title III, § 107(a), 117 Stat. 11, 122 (Feb. 20, 2003). Page 4-204 GAO-04-261SP Appropriations Law—Vol. I
Chapter 4 Availability of Appropriations: Purpose appropriation by Congress or a State legislature after the introduction of any bill or resolution in Congress proposing such legislation or appropriation, or after the introduction of any bill or resolution in a State legislature proposing such legislation or appropriation.” 128 “No part of any appropriation contained in this Act shall be used, other than for normal and recognized executive-legislative relationships, for publicity or propaganda purposes, for the preparation, distribution, or use of any kit, pamphlet, booklet, publication, radio, television, or video presentation designed to support or defeat legislation pending before the Congress or any State legislature, except in presentation to the Congress or any State legislature itself.” 129 If a given policy or activity is affected by pending or proposed legislation, any discussion of that policy or activity by officials will necessarily refer to such legislation, either explicitly or by implication, and will presumably be either in support of or in opposition to it. Thus, an interpretation of a pending legislation statute that strictly prohibited expenditures of public funds for dissemination of views on pending legislation would preclude virtually any comment by officials on agency or administration policy or activities. Absent a compelling indication of congressional intent, GAO has been unwilling to adopt this approach. See, e.g., B-270875, supra; U.S. General Accounting Office, Department Of Education: Compliance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act and Lobbying Restrictions, GAO/GGD/OGC-00-18 (Washington, D.C.: Dec. 30, 1999). The Comptroller General has construed the “pending legislation” provisions as applying primarily to indirect or “grassroots” lobbying and not to direct contact with Members of Congress. In other words, the statute prohibits appeals to members of the public suggesting that they in turn contact their elected representatives to indicate support of or opposition to pending legislation, thereby expressly or implicitly urging the legislators to vote in a particular manner. GAO and the Justice Department have interpreted the traditional prohibition (“publicity or propaganda purposes designed to 128 Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, div. I, title III, § 322, 117 Stat. 11, 411–412 (Feb. 20, 2003). 129 Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, div. G, title V, § 503(a), 117 Stat. 11, 343 (Feb. 20, 2003). Page 4-205 GAO-04-261SP Appropriations Law—Vol. I
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GAO January 2004 GAO-04-261SP Unite
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Foreword We are pleased to present
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Detailed Table of Contents Volume I
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Chapter 3 Agency Regulations and Ad
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Contents (1) 31 U.S.C. § 1345 . .
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Contents (7) Pending legislation: P
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Contents 6. Replacement Contracts .
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Chapter 1 Introduction A. Nature of
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B. The Congressional “Power of th
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Chapter 1 Introduction As these sta
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Chapter 1 Introduction subsystem un
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Chapter 1 Introduction While the ex
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Chapter 1 Introduction It would app
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Chapter 1 Introduction Implementati
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Chapter 1 Introduction Committee wa
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Chapter 1 Introduction The first ma
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Chapter 1 Introduction replaced the
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2. GAO’s Role in the Process Chap
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Chapter 1 Introduction and the Secr
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1. Executive Budget Formulation and
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Chapter 1 Introduction Departments
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Chapter 1 Introduction As individua
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3. Budget Execution and Control Cha
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Chapter 1 Introduction A rescission
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4. Audit and Review Chapter 1 Intro
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Chapter 1 Introduction 5. Account C
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Chapter 1 Introduction The Dockery
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Chapter 1 Introduction by e-mail, r
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Chapter 1 Introduction (28 U.S.C.
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Chapter 1 Introduction its opinion,
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Chapter 1 Introduction consisted of
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c. Note on Title 31 Recodification
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework A. Ap
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Chapt
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework accou
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework As no
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework some
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Statu
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework b. En
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d. Classification Based on Availabi
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework prope
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Vario
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2. Specific versus General Appropri
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. Two Appropriations Available for
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework betwe
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework the P
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework appro
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework and i
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4. General Provisions: When Constru
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework State
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Labor
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework livin
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework subje
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework autho
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework which
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework held
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework for C
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework has c
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework to fo
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework there
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework autho
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f. Two Statutes Enacted on Same Day
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g. Ratification by Appropriation Ch
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework “ [
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework and a
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework we di
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Steve
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D. Statutory Interpretation: Determ
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework whole
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Aldri
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework As a
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework In a
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework produ
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4. Statutory Aids to Construction a
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5. Canons of Statutory Construction
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. Give Effect to All the Language:
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c. Apply the Common Meaning of Word
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework In Wa
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Bank
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework “[W
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework Supre
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework legis
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework moder
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework is mo
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d. Development of the Statutory Lan
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework “We
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework The C
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Chapter 2 The Legal Framework This
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d. Presumption against Waiver of So
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a. The Informal Rulemaking Process
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2. Regulations May Not Exceed Statu
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3. “Force and Effect of Law” Ch
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5. Amendment of Regulations Chapter
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B. Agency Administrative Interpreta
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C. Administrative Discretion Chapte
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2. Discretion Is Not Unlimited Chap
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Chapter 4 Availability of Appropria
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2. Determining Authorized Purposes
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. Specific Purpose Stated in Approp
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4. Termination of Program Chapter 4
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B. The “Necessary Expense” Doct
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. Expenditure Otherwise Prohibited
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c. Expenditure Otherwise Provided F
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C. Specific Purpose Authorities and
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3. Attorney’s Fees Chapter 4 Avai
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c. Suits Against Government Officer
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d. Suits Unrelated to Federal Emplo
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i. Public Participation in Administ
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. Food for Government Employees Cha
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d. Entertainment of Nongovernment P
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f. Reception and Representation Fun
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j. Miscellaneous Personal Expenses
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. Missing Government Employees Chap
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e. Rewards to Government Employees
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. Tax on Business Transactions Wher
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d. Taxes Paid by Federal Employees
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e. Refund and Recovery of Tax Impro
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. Multiple Year Appropriations Chap
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3. Obligation or Expenditure Prior
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B. The Bona Fide Needs Rule 1. Back
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5. Services Rendered beyond the Fis
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7. Contract Modifications and Amend
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8. Multiyear Contracts Chapter 5 Av
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. Multiple Year and No-Year Appropr
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d. Contracts with No Financial Obli
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c. Examples of Agency- Specific Mul
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5. Other Governmental Entities Chap
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D. Disposition of Appropriation Bal
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3. Expired Appropriation Accounts C
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4. Closed Appropriation Accounts Ch
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5. Exemptions from the Account Clos
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E. Effect of Litigation on Period o
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