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Chapter 4<br />

Availability <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>Appropriations</strong>:<br />

Purpose<br />

Contents<br />

6. Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26<br />

B. Agency Administrative Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28<br />

1. Interpretation <strong>of</strong> Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28<br />

2. Interpretation <strong>of</strong> Agency’s Own Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37<br />

C. Administrative Discretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40<br />

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40<br />

2. Discretion Is Not Unlimited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42<br />

3. Failure or Refusal to Exercise Discretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45<br />

4. Regulations May Limit Discretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47<br />

5. Insufficient Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49<br />

A. General <strong>Principles</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6<br />

1. Introduction: 31 U.S.C. § 1301(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6<br />

2. Determining Authorized Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9<br />

a. Statement <strong>of</strong> Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9<br />

b. Specific Purpose Stated in Appropriation Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11<br />

3. New or Additional Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14<br />

4. Termination <strong>of</strong> Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17<br />

a. Termination Desired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17<br />

b. Reauthorization Pending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18<br />

B. The “Necessary Expense” Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19<br />

1. The Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19<br />

a. Relationship to the Appropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22<br />

b. Expenditure Otherwise Prohibited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27<br />

c. Expenditure Otherwise Provided For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29<br />

2. General Operating Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30<br />

a. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30<br />

b. Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31<br />

c. Postage Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32<br />

d. Books and Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33<br />

e. Miscellaneous Items Incident to the <strong>Federal</strong> Workplace . . . . 4-33<br />

C. Specific Purpose Authorities and Limitations . . . . . . . . . 4-35<br />

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35<br />

2. Attendance at Meetings and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36<br />

a. <strong>Government</strong> Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37<br />

(1) Statutory framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37<br />

(2) Inability to attend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40<br />

(3) <strong>Federal</strong>ly sponsored meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41<br />

(4) Rental <strong>of</strong> space in District <strong>of</strong> Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42<br />

(5) Military personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43<br />

b. Nongovernment Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44<br />

Page viii GAO-04-261SP <strong>Appropriations</strong> <strong>Law</strong>—Vol. I

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