Domain Testing: Divide and Conquer - Testing Education

4. Expertise-oriented approaches, which depend primarily on the direct
application of professional expertise to judge the quality of whatever
endeavor is evaluated.
5. Adversary-oriented approaches, where planned opposition in points of
view of different evaluators (pro and con) is the central focus of the
evaluation.
6. Participant-oriented approaches, where involvement of participants
(stakeholders in that which is evaluated) is central in determining the
values, criteria, needs, and data for the evaluation. (p. 78)
I have used the objectives-oriented evaluation approach in this thesis. I
found this approach to be most applicable to the kind of evaluation I wanted to do
for my training, which was being able to direct the assessment items towards the
predefined objectives. This evaluation method provides the perfect technique of
mapping assessment items to the instructional objectives, which makes it possible
to measure learners’ performance against specific instructional objectives. This is
discussed more in Chapter 4, section 4.05.
3.04.02 Collecting Quantitative Information for Evaluation
In the literature, tests and questionnaires have been described as two of the most
common methods employed to collect quantitative information that can be used to
evaluate the effectiveness of an instructional program.
3.04.02.01 Knowledge and Skills Assessment
The following are four testing approaches described in the literature:
• Norm-Referenced Testing: Worthen et al.(1997) stated that the
principal aim of administering norm-referenced tests is to compare the
performance of one group of learners with the performance of a
different group of learners taking the same test. They contended that the
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