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Intermediate Financial Management (with Thomson One)

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Figure 16-2<br />

574 • Part 4 Strategic Financing Decisions<br />

Cost of Capital<br />

(%)<br />

0<br />

Value of Firm, V<br />

($)<br />

V U<br />

0<br />

Effects of Leverage: The Trade-Off Models<br />

D/V*<br />

D*<br />

WACC<br />

r d (1 – T c )<br />

Debt/Value Ratio (%)<br />

Debt ($)<br />

to be a signal of bad news, so stock prices tend to decline when new issues are<br />

announced. As a result, new equity financings are relatively expensive. The net<br />

effect of signaling is to motivate firms to maintain a reserve borrowing capacity<br />

designed to permit future investment opportunities to be financed by debt if internal<br />

funds are not available.<br />

By combining the trade-off and asymmetric information theories, we obtain<br />

this explanation for firms’ behavior:<br />

1. Debt financing provides benefits because of the tax deductibility of interest, so<br />

firms should have some debt in their capital structures.<br />

2. However, financial distress and agency costs place limits on debt usage—<br />

beyond some point, these costs offset the tax advantage of debt. The costs of<br />

r s<br />

V L

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