Public health successes and missed opportunities

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Monitoring alcohol exposure • Eastern European countries with similar drinking habits comprise the Russian Federation, Belarus, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. These countries have lower per capita gross national income than countries in the western parts of WHO European Region, and are in the middle-income category. Their drinking style is characterized by episodic heavy drinking, with both longer duration and larger volume of alcohol consumed per occasion than in other parts of the WHO European Region (50,51). • Countries in the south-east of the WHO European Region comprise Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This part of the WHO European Region is characterized by lower-than-average per capita gross national income, a relatively low level of alcohol consumption (1), in part due to the fact that in many countries, the majority of people are Muslims (52). Spirits are the preferred beverage type, except in Georgia (wine) and Turkey (beer) (1). Box 2 gives an overview of the regions used in this report. Box 2. Regions used in this report and included countries Regions Central-western EU EU Central-eastern EU Mediterranean Eastern WHO European Region South-eastern WHO European Region Countries Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain and Turkey Russian Federation, Belarus, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan Any regional trends are based on population-weighted three-year moving averages of the respective countries (weighted by the population aged 15 years and older) for the year under consideration (i.e. for the year 2010, the average of 2009– 2011 is presented). Finally, the trend in adult per capita consumption in the WHO European Region is compared with other WHO regions by comparing the net difference in consumption between 1990 and 2014. Trends in total adult per capiTA alcohol consumption for all countries in the WHO European Region Trends in total adult per capita alcohol consumption are presented, which includes the sum of recorded, unrecorded and tourist consumption, for all countries in the WHO European Region, with clusters of several neighbouring countries being on the same graph. For comparison purposes, each graph will contain the trend in the WHO European Region as well. 5
Public health successes and missed opportunities In 1990, the western European countries of Ireland and the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) had similar consumption as the WHO European Region as a whole (Fig. 1 9 ), but lower alcohol consumption than most continental EU countries (Fig. 2). While these continental EU countries and the WHO European Region as a whole decreased alcohol consumption over the time period of 25 years, both Ireland and the United Kingdom experienced increases in consumption before decreases were observed. Currently, adult per capita alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom is still higher than the WHO European Region average. Fig. 1. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for Ireland and the United Kingdom, 1990–2014 16 14 12 Ireland United Kingdom WHO European Region Litres of pure alcohol 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Central-western European countries around Germany very much reflect the downward trend in consumption in most highincome countries of the WHO European Region, which is slightly more pronounced than the trend in the WHO European WHO Euro Region as a whole. The variation between the countries in this region has been relatively small. United Kingdom Fig. 2. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland, 1990–2014 Ireland Litres of pure alcohol 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland WHO European Region 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 9 As the main purpose of the figures on trends in adult per capita exposure is the comparison between neighbouring countries, different scales have been used in different figures. For overall comparison within the WHO European Region, the trend line for the Region as a whole is added as well. 6
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Page 7 and 8: abbreviations CI CVD EU FAS GDP GIS
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary This report aims
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Page 13 and 14: MONITORING ALCOHOL EXPOSURE The key
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Page 27 and 28: BURDEN OF ALCOHOL-ATTRIBUTABLE MORT
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Public health successes and missed
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CONCLUSION: THE NEED FOR AN ALCOHOL
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe
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