Public health successes and missed opportunities

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Monitoring alcohol exposure Overall, alcohol consumption in countries in the south of the WHO European Region around the Mediterranean Sea has been decreasing, especially in the largest countries of Spain and Italy (Fig. 3). However, adult per capita alcohol consumption in the south of the WHO European Region is converging, and countries with historically the lowest consumption have shown increasing trends (Israel, Malta), but are still markedly below other Mediterranean countries and the average for the WHO European Region as a whole. Fig. 3. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain, 1990–2014 Litres of pure alcohol 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Cyprus Greece Israel Italy Malta Portugal Spain WHO European Region 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 In 2014, all six countries in Fig. 4 consumed alcohol at a level that was higher than the WHO European Region average. Alcohol consumption in this region can also be characterized by the higher variation in consumption levels between countries and across time compared to the central-western EU countries. However, there seems to be convergence over time, with 2014 per capita consumption being similar for all countries. Fig. 4. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, 1990–2014 Litres of pure alcohol 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia WHO European Region 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 7
Public health successes and missed opportunities The Nordic countries in Fig. 5 were historically at the lower end of the alcohol consumption continuum of Europe. This changed in the 2000s, and in 2014, consumption in Finland was higher than the WHO European Region average; and the other Nordic countries had increased their consumption since 1990 as well. Fig. 5. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, 1990–2014 Litres of pure alcohol 14 12 10 8 6 Finland Iceland Norway Sweden WHO European Region 4 2 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 The eastern European countries in Fig. 6 had markedly higher consumption levels when compared to the WHO European Region average in 2014; however, this was not always the case. For several of these countries, in the beginning of the WHO Euro 1990s, consumption levels were below or at the WHO European Region average. The trends in these countries showed markedly more variation than trends in other countries of the WHO European Region. Sweden Fig. 6. Trends in adult per capita alcohol consumption for Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Republic of Norway Moldova and Ukraine, 1990–2014 Litres of pure alcohol 25 20 15 10 Belarus Estonia Latvia Lithuania Republic of Moldova Ukraine WHO European Region 5 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 WHO Euro Ukraine 8 Moldova
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Page 7 and 8: abbreviations CI CVD EU FAS GDP GIS
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary This report aims
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Page 13 and 14: MONITORING ALCOHOL EXPOSURE The key
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Page 27 and 28: BURDEN OF ALCOHOL-ATTRIBUTABLE MORT
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Page 33 and 34: Table 1 contd Country Liver Liver C
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Public health successes and missed
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CONCLUSION: THE NEED FOR AN ALCOHOL
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The WHO Regional Office for Europe
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