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Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11 For personal use only. 3032 CAN. J. BOT. 1933, G. W. Martin (NY). LOUISIANA: Baton Rouge, Oct. 5, 1956, B. Lowy (TENN 22470). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire Co., Amherst, Aug. 7, 1978, D. Black (NY); Suffolk Co., Harvard Univ., Jamaica Plain, July 21, 1981, R. E. Halling 3363 (NY). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Aug. 15, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Dexter, July 26, 1935, A. H. Smith 1652 (MICH); Ernmet Co., Cross Village, July 9, 1947, A. H. Smith 25622 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., July 21, 1970, M. Gilliam 764 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Saginaw For., Aug. 9, 1937, A. H. Smith 6914 (MICH); Wayne Co., Powell Rd., Sept. 19, 1978, W. W. Patrick 5189 (MICH). MINNE- SOTA: Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., July 15, 1968, M. G. Weaver 1589 (MICH). MISSOURI: Montgomery Co., Mineola, Aug. 13, 1940, J. B. Routin (TENN 13289 and NY). NEW YORK: Bronx, July 28, 1902, Miss Vail (NY); Ithaca, Aug. 6, 19003, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Madison Co., Oneida, Aug. 1914, H. D. House 1468 (MICH). NORTH CAROLINA: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Blount Co., Cades Cove, Aug. 10, 1938, A. H. Smith 9998 (MICH); Swain Co., Almond, Sept. 21, 1971, K. A. Hamson 11218 (MICH). PENNSYLVA- NIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon Heights, Aug. 1, 1939, L. K. Henry 2994 (NY); Blue Ridge Summit, Aug. 23, 1920, L. C. C. Kreiger (Kelly 470) (MICH); Monroe Co., Delaware Water Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mum11 (NY). TENNES- SEE: near Knoxville, Aug. 19, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 5409). TEXAS: Sam Houston Natl. Forest near Richard, May 17, 1953, H. D. Thiers 1875 (MICH). VERMONT: Windham Co., Newfane-Wardsboro Rd., Aug. 26, 1961, H. E. Bigelow (R. L. Shaffer 3442) (MICH). VIRGINIA: Blacksburg, July 27 to Aug. 3, 1904, W. A. Munill (NY). WISCONSIN: La Crosse Co., Gundersen Arboretum, Sept. 21, 1979, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 57535 (DAOM 193770); Palmyra, July 1968, R. Singer N 1664 (F); Wolworth Co., Geneva, Aug. 17-19, 1956, R. L. Shaffer 874 (MICH). (77) Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schw.) Singer = Agaricus tenuipes Schw. = Agaricus hilarinus Mont. = Agaricus rheicolor Berk. = Agaricus cayennensis Mont. = Agaricus amabilipes Peck = Agaricus melinosarcus Kalchbr. = Marasmius pilopus Kalchbr. = Agaricus aurantiellus Speg. = Collybia velutina Clements. = Tricholorna flammulaecolor Beeli = Crinipellis velutipes Stevenson = Collybia neovelutipes Hongo MAP: See Redhead (1988, Fig. 100). RANGE: Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire), Asia (India, Japan), Australia, Oceania (Bonin Islands, New Zealand, Philippine Islands, New Guinea), North America (southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, south to Louisiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Cuba, British Honduras, Haiti), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Paraguay, Venezuela). HABITAT: On hardwood woody debris on or in soil in forests. SELECTED LITERATURE: Pegler (1983~); Redhead (1988, see literature cited); Welden and Guzman (1978). Mediterranean- Continental (78) Heliocybe sulcata (Berk.) Redhead & Ginns = Lentinus sulcatus Berk. = Panus fulvidus Bres. = Lentinus miserculus Kalchbr. = Russelia pringlei Robinson, nom. herb. MAP: Fig. 19. RANGE: From the Yukon east to eastern Ontario along the southern boreal forest, generally east of the continental divide, south through Alberta to New Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru; Poland, Italy; South Africa. HABITAT: On often raised, decorticated deciduous or coniferous wood, Saguaro cactus, Mesquite, and Ocotillo, in xeric sites. SELECTED LITERATURE: Courtenay and Burdsall(1982); Gilbertson and Lindsey (1975); Gilbertson et al. (1974, 1976); Lindsey and Gilbertson (1975); Nakasone and Gilbertson (1978); Pegler (19836); Redhead and Ginns (1985). NOTES: This species basically has a mediterranean - continental North America distribution, but its presence in South Africa, based on a single collection, indicates that it may have had a much wider distribution at one time. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MEXICO: GUERRERO: Iguala Canyon, 2500 ft alt., Sept. 22, 1905, C. G. Pringle (Plantae Mexicanae 10148 Russelia pringlei, MICH). U.S.A. : ARIZONA: Coconino, Sedona, June 1973, C. Barrows (MICH). COLORADO: Chaffee Co., St. Elmo, July 22, 1973, L. Gillman (MICH); Pitkin Co., Aspen, Aug. 13, 1975, A. H. Smith 85719 (MICH), Snowmass Creek, Aug. 27, 1974, A. H. Smith (MICH). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Lower Maple R., May 1, 1947, M. Lange (A. H. Smith 25 133, MICH); Livingston Co., Unadilla, May 27, 1951, P. Harding (A. H. Smith 36317, MICH); Marquette Co., Mill Yard, June 22, 1965, J. F. Ammirati 1596 (MICH); Ogenaw Co., Lupton, May 17, 1948, A. H. Smith 28694 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Lake Winnawana, May 2, 1977, A. H. Smith 87282 (MICH), Waterloo area, May 15, 1968, F. Hoseney (MICH). NEW MEXICO: Bandeoler Natl. Monument near Los Alamos, May 1968, C. Barrows (MICH). NEW YORK: Essex Co., Keene, June 6, 1905, C. H. Peck (NYS as Panusfulvidus = Lentinus sulcatus). WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Pole Mt., July 1950, H. D. Thiers 504 (MICH). Discussion In many cases it is still too early to state that the patterns are correct. one need only compare ~oser's (1953) early attempt to map the global distribution of Rozites species against Horak's (1981) later map and Halling and Ovrebo's (1987) documentation of a new-species from Colombia to see how greatly known distributions vary from reality. Much of eastern Asia remains unexplored mycologically and many species have yet to attract the attention of collectors. Even in ~ orth America some areas have been relatively unexplored. In Canada this is true of the entire province of Saskatchewan and the northern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. However, there is no doubt than many native Canadian macrofungi have distinctive ranges similar to those of other groups of organisms, particularly vascular plants. To simply state that a given species is a western species or an eastern species is inadequate. Both Rhodotus palmatus and ~leuro~lammula flammea-are eastern species, but their known ranges scarcely overlap. The former is commonest in the midwest to the Ottawa Valley in Ontario and Quebec. It has not been found in the southern Appalachians and only rarely east of the Adirondack-Appalachian mountains even after decades of collecting by notable collectors such as C. H.
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11 For personal use only. Peck, W. A. Mumll, L. R. Hesler, and others. Pleurojlam- mulajlammea occurs from Colombia to southern Nova Scotia, swinging through the southern Appalachians and towards the coast further north on the east side of the mountain system. Statements contrasting so-called European species versus North American species must also be questioned when in fact only an eastern or only a western North American population has been sampled. The complexity of the biogeographical components making up our mycota is much greater than most agaricologists have appreciated, but reassuringly similar to those of the vascular plant, lichen, and bryophyte floras. The professional mycologist should endeavor to depict where the species has been collected. The number of distinct mycoflora distributional patterns in Canada appears greater than the five mushroom provinces out- lined by Smith (1978). They correspond to well established floras represented by the distributions of our forest trees (Hosie 1969; Little 1971, 1976, 1977) and (or) herbaceous plants (HultCn 1964, 1971), although not necessarily linked to these plant species. The following paired examples serve to demonstrate that the ranges, which can only now be resolved based on scant information, resemble those of dominant vascular plants. The Pacific coast mycota harbors both southern coastal species, ranging from southern Vancouver Island south to California, and northern coastal species, ranging from Alaska or the Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern Cali- fornia or Oregon. Many of these species can be found again in the interior wet zone of British Columbia or Idaho, roughly equivalent to the Interior Western Hemlock and Douglas-fir zones of Krajina (1959, 1965), and (or) may have disjunct eastern North American populations, or populations on other continents. Examples of southern coastal species are Marasmiellus candidus, M. pluvius, Marasmius plicatulus, Melanotus textilis, Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, and coastal populations of Mycena lohwagii, a species also found in the interior wet belt. Tree species with equivalent ranges are Acer circinnatum Pursh, Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Cornus nuttallii Audubon, Quercus garyana Dougl., and coastal populations of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., and Pinus monticola, both found also in the interior wet belt. Examples of northern west coast fungal species are Crinipellis piceae, Marasmiellus papillatus, Marasmius salalis, Neolentinus kaufianii, Stereopsis humphreyi, Hemimycena tortuosa, Mycena culmi- gena, Resinomycena saccharifera ssp. kalalochensis, and Panellus longinquus ssp. paczjicus, all absent from the interior wet belt, although most are found elsewhere in the world. Tree species with similar western distributions are Acer macro- phyllum Pursh and Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes (although both absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands), and Picea sitchensis. Northern coastal fungal elements also found in the interior wet belt are Baeospora myosura, Cyphellostereum laeve, Hypholoma dispersum, Psilocybe semilanceata, and Xeromphalina fulvipes. Tree species with similar western ranges are Alnus rubra Bong., Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, Taxus brevifolia Nutt., nuja plicata Donn, Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Examples of fungal species more typical for the western cordillera than just the coast are Boletus mirabilis, Collybia baker- ensis, Resinomycena montana, Strobilurus occidentalis, S. trullisatus, Marasmius tremulae, Phaeolepiota aurea, and Chroogomphus tomentosus. Arboreal representatives are Acer glabrum Torr., Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb., Crataegus douglasii Lindb., Picea englmanii, Populus trichocarpa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. REDHEAD Fungal species that are predominantly boreal in North America are Cantharellula umbonata, Galerina paludosa, Marasmiellus$lopes, Marasmius androsaceus, M. epiphyllus, M. pallidocephalus, Neolecta vitellina, Phaeomarasmius erin- aceus, Tricholoma magnivelare, and Xeromphalina campanella. Tree species with similar North American distributions are Betula papyrifera Marsh., Picea glauca, P. mariana (Mill.) B. S. P., Populus balsamifera L., P. tremuloides, and Sorbus sitchensis Roem., although none except P. tremuloides has as wide a range in the western cordillera as the fungal examples. Southern boreal - eastern deciduous forest linked fungal species are Crepidotus cinnabarinus and Rhodotus palmatus. Acer negundo L. has a somewhat similar distribution, and the continental range of Heliocybe sulcata is nearly matched by that of Salk exigua Nutt. There is a distinct mycota around and east of the Great Lakes to Nova Scotia and sometimes Newfoundland that encom- passes the southern boreal forest and northern deciduous forest, with some species extending south along the Appalachians. Members of this mycota are Mitrula lunulatospora (A), Xerula fu@racea, and X. rubrubrunnenscens (A), and the eastern North American populations of Baeospora myosura (A), Stro- bilurus albipilatus, Marasmiellus papillatus, Mitrula elegans (A), Hypholoma jlavifolium, Lyophyllum palustre, Crinipellis campanella (a), and Neolecta irregularis (A). Arboreal representatives are Betula alleghaniensis Britton (a), Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (a), Pinus resinosus Ait., P. strobus (A), Populus grandidentata Michx. (a), nuja occidentalis L. (A), and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (A). (A) designates species well represented along the Appalachians and (a) those poorly represented. The eastern deciduous forest mycota includes species in southern Ontario and Quebec commoner south of the Great Lakes, unrestricted to the Appalachians, and sometimes with disjunct extensions in Central America (C), or elsewhere in the tropics (T). These include Crinipellis setipes, Cyptotrama asprata (C and T), Gerronema subclavatum (C), Lactarius indigo (C), Tetrapyrgos nigripes (C and T), Marasmius pyr- rhocephalus, Mycena leaiana (C and T), Resinomycena rho- dodendri, Xeromphalina kaufianii (C), X. tenuipes (C and T), Xerula megalospora. Tree species which in North America have similar distributions are, Acer saccharum Marsh., A. sac- charinum L., Carpinus caroliniana Walt. (C), Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (C), Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (C), Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (C), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (C), Prunus serotina Ehrh. (C), and Sambucus canadensis L. The eastern maritimes species show at least three patterns, one being a concentration in the Maritime Provinces, e.g., Panellus violaceofulvus and perhaps Resinomycena acadiensis, a distribution somewhat matched by Betula populifolia Marsh. and Picea rubens Sarg., although neither tree species makes it to Newfoundland where P. violaceofulvus occurs, and both tree species occur scattered down the Appalachians. A second pattern appears restricted to Newfoundland, e.g., the eastern North American populations of Hypholoma dispersum and Lyophyllum gibberosum. The third is from southern Nova Scotia south along the coast and inland to the southern Appala- chians, e.g., Pleurojlammulajlammea, somewhat matched by Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. Ranges of the species contributing to the remaining mycotas, Arctic and alpine tundra and prairies, are comparable to those of herbaceous or shrubby plants, of which there are many cir- cumpolar examples discussed and mapped by HultCn (1964, 1971), or to bryophytes or well-known ascolichens. For example, Marasmius epidryas is restricted to growth on Dryas
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